Child Neglect, Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency free essay sample

Kid Neglect, Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency Many would contend that youngster disregard will prompt adolescent misconduct later on. There have been numerous investigations that have endeavored to demonstrate that there is a solid association with youngster misuse and additionally disregard with adolescent wrongdoing. Be that as it may, there is no solid proof to demonstrate this to be valid. Because there are numerous normal elements with every one of the three, they will in general accept that they are totally weaved somehow. A portion of these elements are neediness, viciousness in the home, poor psychological wellness, single parent or not having the two guardians present in the family, one being the disciplinary and the other the more vulnerable of the two in this manner no consistency in order and oversight, absence of consideration, removed from other relatives and companions. These children will assemble a divider and feel that nobody can be trusted and case themselves from society. We will compose a custom paper test on Kid Neglect, Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This will prompt them getting defiant and get antagonistic around individuals, in any event, when these individuals are attempting to loan some assistance. In today’s world, individuals will in general arrange kid disregard and maltreatment similar to the equivalent, however these are two separate kinds of misuse or wrongdoing. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act otherwise called CAPTA, (42 U. S. C. A. Â §5106g), as corrected by the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, characterizes kid misuse and disregard as, at least: Any ongoing demonstration or inability to follow up on the piece of a parent or guardian which brings about death, genuine physical or passionate mischief, sexual maltreatment or abuse; or a demonstration or inability to act which presents an up and coming danger of genuine damage. Generally Federal and State youngster assurance laws essentially allude to instances of mischief to a kid brought about by guardians or other parental figure; they for the most part do exclude hurt brought about by others, for example, colleagues or outsiders (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008). Disregard is consequences of deserting of a kid while under their folks care, for instance insufficient food, appropriate lodging, clinical consideration and love. Indications of kid disregard are difficult to see except if the kid stands up and lets somebody realizes what's going on. Where misuse is increasingly evident and simpler to see, it incorporates sexual, physical and psychological mistreatment towards a youngster which lso now and again incorporate a large number of the previously mentioned characteristics of disregard. A few early audits of studies inspecting the connection between youngster abuse and wrongdoing presumed that information about this relationship was constraine d as a result of methodological issues intrinsic in earlier investigations, remembering dependence for review plans and absence of control or correlation gatherings of non-mishandled and non-dismissed kids. Moreover, early discoveries on the connection between kid abuse and rough criminal conduct were some of the time opposing (Cathy Spatz Widom, 2002). As indicated by a crude report led by C. W. Intelligence in 2002, she directed four investigations in four unique areas of the United States. The Midwest research included subjects that were captured before they were 18 years old and at the hour of the examination they were in any event 18 and it does exclude status offenses captures. Presently this was simply on one of the four investigations she led during her examination. Out of the 908 subjects the accompanying rates were manhandled and ignored adolescents, 21. 6% were captured for various wrongdoings; 14. 6% for property captures; 7. 9% for request and 5. % for savagery offenses. Presently this was simply on one of the four investigations she directed during her examination. Presently as indicated by her exploration these subjects were manhandled and ignored, the greater part of these adolescents were roughly 17 years old at the hour of the examination. The beginning age for some were around 18 years old at the time they were ca ptured, the normal number of captures were around 6 to 7, the recidivism rate was 2-4 captures and the interminable wrongdoers had a 5 or more captures. Presently these are pitiful numbers to see when these subjects still can't seem to have lived long enough to perceive any better. Working in the legitimate field for about 19 years, one can’t help yet to concur that there is a relationship between kid disregard and adolescent misconduct. In any case, there might be others that have strolled similar streets that I have and will differ with this announcement. Being brought up in what in those days was viewed as an ideal home condition for some, when tuning in to a large number of the children in the local discussion about their childhood, what went on in secret that nobody saw, and what they have grown up to be, will permit anybody to accept that kid misuse, disregard nd misconduct have something to do with each other. There are numerous cures that will perhaps reduce the result to adolescent misconduct. First off all individuals from the family ought to include themselves in improving the general home condition these children are being brought up in. Become progressively associated with their childhood, tutoring and giving equivalent parental duty. In the network more assets and projects to keep these children involved and out of the avenues. An exhausted psyche is a meandering brain and will consistently search for a test and approaches to engage themselves regardless of whether it implies stumbling into difficulty. Offer people group outreach projects and exercises where they don’t must be in the roads, selling drugs, staying nearby packs. Have specialists get included before they become hoodlums and again simply like the family and the network, police and divisions like Department of Children and Families can effectively all cooperate to guarantee that kids that are being manhandled and dismissed get expelled from the reason and in any event offered an approach to carry on with an ordinary and better life before it is past the point of no return for them. All in all, albeit pitiful as it might be a portion of these manhandled and dismissed children tumble to the breaks and become adolescent delinquents not on the grounds that they decided to yet it’s on the grounds that the manner in which they were raised and they unquestionably were not shown any better. Society for some have walked out on them, and except if we plan something for help them before it is past the point of no return the numbers that were given for the situation study referenced in this paper are going to tragically get ever more elevated. One assistance can have any kind of effect and toward the end others will without a doubt follow in light of the fact that one individual minded to help. ? References Cathy Spatz Widom, P. 2002). Understanding Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency: The Research. Recovered July 31, 2011, from www. cwlaa. organization Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2008). US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for C hildren and Families. Recovered July 31, 2011, from US Department of Health and Human Services: www. hhs. gov Lundman, R. J. (1993). Avoidance and Control of Juvenile Delinquency, second Edition. New York: Oxford Press. Trickett, P. K. (2011). Kid Maltreatment and Adolescent Development. Recovered July 31, 2011, from Journal of Research on Adolescence (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 21(1), 3-20.

Impact of Leadership Style free essay sample

administration style and value-based initiative style affects representative execution. Likewise we wish to see that if work fulfillment has an intervening impact or not. For this reason information was gathered from 6 schools working in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Result shows that value-based and transformational both are altogether positive related with Employee execution anyway value-based initiative was increasingly huge then transformational. Another significant revelation made was there is no intervening job of Job fulfillment between value-based authority. In any case, it intervenes with change initiative and worker execution. Catchphrases : Leadership style, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Job fulfillment, Employee execution. GJMBR-A Classification : FOR Code: 130304, 150305 JEL Code: O15, M31 ImpactofLeadershipStyleTransformationalTransactionalLeadersh-ipOnEmployeePerformanceMediatingRoleofJobSatisfactionStudyof-PrivateSchoolEducatorInPakistan Strictly according to the consistence and guidelines of:  © 2012 . M. Umer Paracha, Adnan Qamar, Anam Mirza, Inam-ul-Hassan Hamid Waqas. This is an examination/audit paper, disseminated under the particulars of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3. 0 Unported License http://creativecommons. organization/licenses/by-nc/3. 0/), allowing all non-business use, appropriation, and proliferation in any medium, gave the first work is appropriately refered to. ? Dynamic The reason for this exploration is to verify that does administration styles that is Transformational initiative style and value-based authority style affects worker execution. Likewise we wish to see that if work fulfillment has an intervening impact or not. For this reason information was gathered from 6 schools working in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Result shows that value-based and transformational both are fundamentally positive related with Employee execution anyway value-based authority was increasingly critical then transformational. Another significant revelation made was there is no interceding job of Job fulfillment between value-based initiative. In any case, it intervenes with change administration and representative execution. Watchwords : Leadership style, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Job fulfillment, Employee execution. I. Presentation I n today’s serious condition, associations grow internationally and face a great deal of difficulties to meet their goals and pursued to be progressively effective from others. Pioneers assume fundamental job in achievement of these objectives and lift employee’s execution by fulfilling them with their occupations accordingly, it gets a handle on the consideration of scientists from numerous years, yet we can't concentrate on one definition. Numerous scientists have considered various parts of initiative. As indicated by Mintzberg (2010) Leadership is the key of trust that originates from the regard of others. Jamaludin (2011) directed their examination on the administration and their styles and recommended that successful Author ? : MS (Management Sciences) Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad Campus. Tel:0334-95633699 (Comparing creator) E-mail : umar. [emailprotected] com Author ? : MS (Management Sciences) Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad Campus. (Comparing creator) E-mail : [emailprotected] com Author ? : MS (Management Sciences) Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad Campus. Email : [emailprotected] com Author ? : MS (Management Sciences) Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad Campus. Email : [emailprotected] com Author ? : MS (Management Sciences) Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad Campus. Email : [emailprotected] com ? ? Hamid Waqas pioneers are the individuals who utilize their forces for advancement of the devotees and association too. Pioneers are one 55 of the significant key drivers in improving the creation and developments (Lievens et al, 1997). As per Raelin (2011) Leadership is legitimately associated with the practices to which individuals are committed. The most considerable of pioneers is their persuasive character that has positive connection with the follower’s work fulfillment and the presentation (Lian et al, 2011). Albeit diverse hypothetical methodologies being study initiative yet most famous casing work is transformational and value-based authority. (Hambley et al, 2007). Value-based authority is utilized when associations give evaluations by acknowledgment, pay increments and professional success for well entertainers and discipline for poor entertainers (Bass, 1998). Value-based administration trade understandings rewards exertion, guarantees of remunerations for better execution and perceives the accomplishments, in opposite, transformational authority gives vision and feeling of strategic, pride and addition, regard and trust (Bass, 1990). Mulla Krishnan (2011) recommended that transformational authority is related with subordinate’s virtues. A large portion of the scientists stressed on transformational administration yet some likewise offered significance to value-based authority. Egan, Sarros Santore (1995) articulate, transformational style is increasingly compelling then value-based style, paying little mind to hierarchical kind, technique received by the pioneers depends on his own capacity, inclinations and encounters. Be that as it may, organization’s yield is contrarily influenced by the value-based authority, (Bass, 1999). At the point when the circumstance is unapparent, a pioneer must follow the transformational style to recognize the key components of the circumstance and pick the correct style to circumstance properly (Somech Wenderow, 2006). The constructive outcome of transformational initiative is that it improves self information, expanding the presentation desire an incentive to the monetary exhibition of the groups (Avolio, Waldman Einstein, 1988). Afolabi, Obude, Okediji, Volume XII Issue IV Version I ? Worldwide Journal of Management and Business Research ? M. Umer Paracha , Adnan Qamar , Anam Mirza , Inam-ul-Hassan March 2012 â€Å"Impact of Leadership Style (Transformational Transactional Leadership) On Employee Performance Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction† Study of Private School (Educator) In Pakistan  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) â€Å"Impact of Leadership Style (Transformational Transactional Leadership) On Employee Performance Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction† Study of Private School (Educator) In Pakistan Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue IV Version I March 2012 Ezeh (2008) did investigation and give proof in the kindness of value-based initiative, they saw that value-based authority is progressively compelling when association want to accomplish their points and targets. Administrators assume an essential job in work fulfillment of the and provides another guidance of intuition, yet on opposite side transformer pioneers would some be able to time abuse laborers by utilizing their capacity to accomplish individual objectives (Franke Felfe, 2011). Transformational authority additionally includes representatives. Moyes (2007) do inquire about on determinants of occupation fulfillment and came about that unwaveringness to one’s boss and employment life span are progressively significant when contrasted with remuneration, advantages and chiefs for Mexican-American and the other way around for the NonHispanic. There is a most grounded connection between's the authority style and the activity fulfillment (Lok, 1999). However, the outcome exhibited that transformational authority 56 has a higher relationship with work fulfillment. (Charles et al, 2007). Employees’ recognition about their activity occupation is viewed as basic component in estimating work fulfillment, their observation alludes to word related renown, vocation advancement and representatives confidence, transformational authority centers around all measurements (Bogler, 2001). The greater part of the specialist follows the transformational initiative, yet with regards to Pakistan, extremely thin research has been done on the administration style received in the instruction segment. The reason for our exploration is to recognize successful authority style in Education part of Pakistan, as Pakistani culture depends on the force separation and offers need to the imperious dynamic style. In Pakistani culture there is high force separation however low independence (Routamaa Hautala, 2008). Jeger (1986) showed that value-based initiative is progressively effective in assortment of nations outside North America including India, Nigeria, Japan and Pakistan. Pakistan is bureaucratic state where order and control rules (Ahmed, 1996). Thusly value-based authority can be progressively successful in this predetermined culture, yet the fundamental target of our examination is to recognize the genuine administration styles in instruction area that will leads towards expanding work fulfillment and at last brought about higher representative execution. II. Writing Review a) Transactional initiative To guarantee the achievement of association it is essential to embrace the fitting authority style. Looking at, commending and surveying a pioneer don't genuinely guarantee the followers’ genuineness for this situation transformational authority gets inapplicable (Parry Thomson, 2002). Pioneers can than training value-based style of administration. Exchange actually implies â€Å"exchange† accordingly, value-based initiative arrangements with the trade among pioneer and his  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) adherents. Kuhnert Lewis, (1987) Stated that value-based administration is a trade among devotees and pioneers wanted results by satisfying the leader’s intrigue and followers’ desires, which includes guarantees or responsibilities inserted by regard and trust. Jung, (2000â€2001) likewise characterizes value-based authority as pioneer fitness towards distinguishing proof of supporters needs and desires and plainly exhibit the approaches to satisfy these necessities in return for execution of devotees. Bass (2000) detailed that viable pioneers suit the bury

Business Processes and how they are developed in a variety of Research Paper

Business Processes and how they are created in an assortment of ventures 3 organization in addition to Aerospace and Defense - Research Paper Example It is well known on account of its convenient working which coordinates about right plan of activities (Hernandez, 1997). Financials: It gives amazing bits of knowledge with respect to future dynamic. By planning and money related administration through SAP, chiefs may improve consistency guaranteed. It is a superior methods for future determining and planning choices. It motorizes the money related administration (bookkeeping and looking over) and monetary gracefully chain the board through computerization. It offers fastidious help for corporate administration approvals for instance Basel-II. Human Capital Management (HCM): It gives an upgraded arrangement that covers the whole parts of contemporary HCM rehearses. For instance, Global perspective on human capital. It outfits the pointed objectives in a solid and exact way. The capability of workforce is improved and expanded by presenting advancement and gracefulness. The Human Resource forms are helped by keeping worldwide norms and contemporary HR rehearses in see. Activities: It helps generally gracefully chain and coordinations process. The choices identified with obtainment, wellbeing stock and business office are met essentially. The total perspective on business cycle and flexibly chain the executives is basically advanced. Benefit, creation or assembling and dispersion are the center regions canvassed while in a flexibly chain. Quality controlling, mistake decrease and quality confirmation in activity the board are the regions of business tasks the executives. Framework Applications and Products (SAP) utility backings a wide scope of business process across flexibly chain, activities and coordinations the executives (Hernandez, 1997). Following is the concise depiction of procedures which are fundamentally upheld by the product. Stock administration: Inventory the executives is the essential procedure so as to get tasks capability. The two perspectives on capability are productivity and responsiveness which

Strategic Management Of Etisalat Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Strategic Management Of Etisalat. Answer: Presentation Etisalat is a global media communications organization working in the Middle East nations, Asia and numerous African nations (www.etisalat.com). The organization has its home office in UAE. It positions on one of the highest media transmission organizations of the globe with incomes of around AED $2.4 billion and a benefit near AED $8.4 billion. Vision of the Business The vision of the business is to make a yearning system to assist the business with growing and gain immense benefits. Crucial the Business The mission of Etisalat is to enhance and build up the propelled systems that will empower the administration clients of the organization to create, learn and develop. The organization does this by giving its clients the vital administrations and the advances that empowers the individuals and the business all around the world to contact one another and share their perspectives. Guiding principle of the Business The guiding principle of the business incorporate; Vitality The business has the expect to give a worth and support the vitality and the dynamic nature that is expected to pick up accomplishment in the business. Enablement The point of the referenced organization is to open up a scope of chances and to effectively enable the individuals to arrive at their objectives (Wheelen Hunger, 2017). The administration of the organization vows to convey all the guarantees that they have made. Open Nature The administration of the organization is dependable enough and comprehends the situation of their organization as one of the most top brands of Telecommunication. The administration is additionally inviting, amiable and extraordinary cordial to the clients, its representatives and its providers. Investigation of the External Factors: PESTLE Analysis Political-The administration control in UAE over the organizations is one of the most significant factors behind the achievement of the business association. The accompanying association works in numerous different nations and accordingly it is compulsory for the association to adhere to the principles in such nations. Efficient The trade rates, charge rates, buying power equality and the swelling pace of the accompanying region are key factors that decide the accomplishment of the business. Social-Etisalat Company has the expects to fulfill all the social guidelines and give the clients high social ways of life. The organization guarantees that the clients are given a very surprising degree of administration. Innovative The referenced media transmission organization gives the best in class innovation to the administration clients. The innovation encourages the association to furnish the clients with simple correspondence, a decrease cost and a world-class administration (Eden Ackermann, 2013). Ecological Etisalat needs to deal with the natural factors so its activities portion not influences the earth. Legitimate Each and each standard of the nation where the organization works is followed to guarantee the smooth progression of activities. Investigation of the Internal Factors: SWOT Analysis Qualities Shortcomings Enormous base of administration clients A worldwide organization with nearness in an assorted scope of market Frail business execution in a portion of the nations Association of the business needs quality OPPURTUNITIES Dangers Concentrating on the web of things and cloud Dispatch of Volte Services in UAE Tremendous rivalry from different organizations Guidelines and strategies and charges included Setting up Long term Objectives The administration of Etisalat has the mean to be the biggest specialist organization of the Middle East nations and Africa and advance new items and administrations to give the clients a high caliber of computerized media transmission administration (Wheelen Hunger, 2017). Rundown of Alternative Strategies The restricted help of Voice over Internet Protocol in UAE and the rise of Du had constrained Etisalat to push for new changes in the market and they have focused on other fringe business to make progress in the market. Yearly Objectives The goals of the association is to effectively execute and keep up its 4G and Volte system and ensure that the association can offer a superior support to the clients. Arrangements and Guidelines Etisalat saves all the rights to adjust the administrations of the web and the items now and again and no mediation from outside sources is endured. All the data gave to the clients are valid and veritable The representatives must be straightforward and trained and the organization has the sole option to take choices if any issue emerges (Bettis et al. 2016) Designating Resources The assets, for example, reserves, systems, links, specialized gadgets and web embellishments are given to the hierarchical offices by the administration. Setting up Evaluation Measures The assessment proportions of the organization are valuable for the best possible checking of the tasks performed by the administration. Assessment of the administration assists with executing the assignments early and proficiently. Presentation Emirates Airlines is the biggest airplane organization of the Middle East and is one of the main organizations of the accompanying part on the planet (www.emirates.com). The Airlines is an auxiliary of the Emirates gathering and has one of the biggest global center point in Dubai air terminal. Vision of the Business The vision of the business is to construct a solid and stable initiative group and make driven arrangements for the development of the organization. Anyway the yearning plans will be all around determined and will comprise of creative and momentous thoughts that will assume a significant job in the formative procedure. Crucial the Business The crucial the business is to turn into the biggest and the best aircraft of the world in the coming years. The organization has likewise the plan to furnish its clients with a cutting edge administrations. Basic beliefs of the Business The administration of Emirates accepts that the morals followed by them are the columns to the achievement of the business. The organization thinks about every single of its representative and mulls over nature and the networks in which they offer their types of assistance. Examination of the External Factors: PESTLE Analysis Political variables The aeronautics division in the Middle East is primarily constrained by the administration and along these lines legislative issues assume a significant job in its tasks Monetary elements The financial factors legitimately influence the overall revenue of the business. The Government of UAE has given the organization sufficient assets and speculation through which the organization has expanded its armada size and the quantity of flying goals. Social Factors-Social variables incorporate the interest and taste of the individuals. The best framework and cutting edge offices have been useful for the referenced Airlines Company to win acknowledgment from the clients. Mechanical elements The headway and advancement in innovation has been all around adjusted by Emirates. Emirates have incorporated a portion of things to come prepared innovations for the travelers who travel with them (Bettis et al. 2016). Legitimate components The Company observes each standard and guidelines of the nations from where it works. The guidelines and approaches help the administration to have a reasonable and straightforward perspective on the dos and donts and in this way help to stay away from any legitimate entanglements. Ecological Factors-The significant worry of a carrier organization with countless armadas is an extraordinary wellspring of natural worry for the association and subsequently the administration has figured some natural amicable systems to address the atmosphere issues (Eden Ackermann, 2013). Examination of the Internal Factors: SWOT Analysis Quality Shortcomings Brand Name and sponsorship Cutting edge foundation Significant expense of tickets Nonappearance from key productive markets OPPURTUNITIES Dangers New Airport will assist them with extending Rise of Dubai as a business center point Etihad, Qatar aviation routes are solid contenders Center East emergency is a grave concern Setting up Long term Objectives The administration of Emirates Airlines has plans to fly an approx 70 million travelers in the year 2020. This comes as an extra arrangement as the organization has just wanted to build up the current framework to fulfill the consistently expanding need of the clients. Rundown of Alternative Strategies The referenced gathering plans to be the highest carrier of the world and help the a great many travelers from all around the globe to interface with Dubai. It plans to expand the measure of direct trips by anticipating Dubai as a vital area. Yearly Objectives The yearly targets of the organization are to earn extra income for the association and increment the availability with the various pieces of the world. The organization is in chats with the administration of various nations like Canada and Germany to begin new activities from beneficial goals.. Strategies and Guidelines Emirates have set up an away from of rules for the workers to follow. The strategies spread all the necessary regions including lawful, wellbeing and security of the representatives. The rules of the association have obviously characterized the jobs of each worker inside the association. Distributing Resources The assets are distributed to the various divisions of the administration by thinking about various components like; Adjusting the necessities of the general administration and the practical administration. It is a lot of imperative to concentrate on the essentials of the association to make progress Building a component of trust Setting up Evaluation Measures The administration of the organization assigns a group including a senior from the administration itself to perform and present a report on the estimation of assessment. The primary undertaking of the group is to investigate the report and take vital activities. References Emirates Flights Book A Flight, Browse Our Flight

Blog Archive MBA News Darden Grad and Bowlmor President Talks Business Success

Blog Archive MBA News Darden Grad and Bowlmor President Talks Business Success When Tom Shannon graduated from UVA Darden in 1992, he had no idea he would soon purchase a bowling alleyâ€"nor did he know that he would ultimately transform that single lane into the largest bowling franchise on the market. As Shannon explains on the About page of the Bowlmor Web site, he attended a birthday party at the Greenwich Village establishment in 1994. Looking past the run-down lanes and building, the outdated ambiance, and the floundering business, Shannon could see an irresistible charm and rich history that made the brand worthy of revamping. He secured funding and purchased Bowlmor in 1997, then quickly began working toward his goal of “mak[ing] bowling cool again.” To realize his dream, Shannon completely rebuilt the alley. He introduced impressive architecture, gourmet food offerings, upscale ambiance, lane-side dinner/drinks, large video screens, and fun glow-in-the-dark lanes. He also eliminated bowling leaguesâ€"a move that completely differentiated his company from its competitors. By 1999, Bowlmor had become the most profitable alley in the United States. Today, Shannon owns multiple locations across the country and recently announced a merger with AMF Bowling Worldwide, Inc. Bowlmor AMF now represents 20% of the bowling market, making Shannon CEO of the largest bowling operator in the world. To learn more about Shannon’s journey, business practices/outlook, and future plans, read his recent interview with the Wall Street Journal. Share ThisTweet News University of Virginia (Darden)

ANALYSIS THE ROLE OF HONDA AND HONDA KINETIC - Free Essay Example

1. Globaliztion international trade theories Explain Globalization is the process of creating relationships, interactions and integrate among the economies, societies, cultures, people, companies, and government of the different countries, a process driven by international trade and investment support by information technology. This process is influence on environment, on cultures, on economic development, international trade and human well being in the around world. As result of the globalization changes came into effect in various aspects; Economic (international trades) Political Cultural Industrial Financial markets Heath sectors Information Language Competition Ecological changes According the above mentioned areas, the concept globalization is help to develop different areas. But, as a result of globalization negative effects are Influence on Economic liberation by different nations and unions. Brain drain Most of intelligent people move around the world without remaining mother countries. Such as Business managers, Doctors, Engineers and Scientist, etc. Common Disease Spreading the disease across the world than the past. Financial Crisis global financial crisis will make more impact on the different economies. Ex. Economic down turn in USA made huge impact on the all over the world. Increase income disparity among the different countries. and create multicultural impact Illicit trading and increased breaking international and country laws will. When it further analyzed globalization Famous writer Peter Dickens says about the globalization the following manner; A qualitatively different process in which there is a functional integration of internationally dispersed activities (Global Shift) The Global Shift book was explained two type of concept which is related in each other. Those are; Internationalization Globalization Further he explained following changes in his books Extension of production chains across national boundaries Pattern of foreign direct investment (FDI) The creation of supranational organizations Technology acting as engine of economic transformation The development of unit of enterprise through the spending of multinational enterprises. The impact of the particular industries on transferring cultures, lifestyles and personnel across national boundaries. Therefore we can be concluded; As a result of globa lization ,the governments and individuals in the industrialized nations increased growth potential capacity in globalize economy Government policies more focus towards to the economic development, stable of the economy ,increasing the employment, reduce social inequality, social fairness and promotion of small firms, increased harnessing of innovative technologies and attracting foreign investment Always make difference in incomes and living standards within the different nations. Practices and standardization of global governance more and more influenced on global businesses authorities. Different professional bodies influence on the different areas and bring more concepts widening scope the subject. Ex CIMA, AMA, CIM they changing their subjects to adapt globalization concept. Increased unemployment among the people the unskilled, poorly educated. Need more and more multi skilled people to manage the different haphazard and environmental changes effect on the bus iness. Effect of globalization is that creating an international trading opportunities as well as disadvantage for all the countries in the world. As result of dealing in international trade business, different theories and concept have been developed by different expertise. Among those most popular theories are; Mercantilism theory This theory mainly highlighted nations should have accumulated financial wealth in the form of gold, by encouraging export and discouraging imports. That is defined as mercantilism. Mercantilism theory is portrait other measures of the countries in relation to international trade. The following criteria considered as irrelevant to determine trading capacity of the nations or country. Well being, living standard and human development. This theory was applied by UK, Netherlands, and France during 1500 and 1700. Those countries practiced zero sum game (means that world wealth was limited and that countries only could increase their share at expenses of neighbors). In mercantilism countries economic development was prevented because of stopped import inside to country. Absolute advantage theory This theory was developed by Adam smith who highlighted that any country has an absolute advantage produces greater out put of good or service than other countries using the same amount of resources. Further Adam Smith is highlighted there should not be international trade restrictions such as quotas and tariff to prevent the international trade and it is essential flow goods and services according market forces. Absolute advantage theory contradicts against to mercantilism theory. Problem with this theory is that if there is not any absolute advantage with a country, international trade might be happen. Comparative advantage This theory was introduced by David Recardo in 1817.This is an ideal concept that is can apply for international trade and to develop international trade policies. Therefore this very important theory if any nations entering into the international trade. Here main principles that highlighted in comparative advantage are country should specialized in producing and exporting the products in which is has comparative or relative cost advantage compared with other countries and should import those goods in which is it has comparative disadvantage. Out of such specialization country could gain the greater benefit by applying that. Here mainly take into considered opportunity cost and specialization (maximum out put with limited resource). For instance Japan is highly specialized in producing car because of they are very good technology, required resources. But the Japan could not have capacity to produce TEA, there not specialized in that sector. On the other hand Sri Lanka is not having capacity to produce cars but they can produce TEA, they specialized in that area. Therefore we can see that, both country is specialized two different sectors by using those core competencies better this exp ort those products based on that specialization. Product life cycle theory 1960 Raymond Vernon developed this theory called international product life cycle theory. Under this is stressed that, a company will begin to export its products and take foreign direct investment as the products move through its life cycle. As an example in the mother country product is in the decline therefore, they could not generate sales and profit as earlier. At that time they are looking for another market to introduce that product to sustain in that business. That market is most probably international market. Porter diamond theory This is introduced by Michel Porter and He highlighted that competitive advantage in the aspect of clusters of industry based where the competitiveness of one company is related to the performance of the companies and other factors such as valued additions in value chain, customer relationship. To get finalized this used coulters of successful industries in 10 impor tant trading nations. Here porter shows that six broad factors incorporated with this theory. Those are; Considering areas Comment Factor conditions Human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure. Specialized resources are often specific for an industry and important for its competitiveness. Those specific resources can be created to compensate for factor disadvantage. Diamond conditions in the domestic market can help create a competitive advantage, when there is sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and encouraging create more advanced products that those of competitors Related and supporting industries Under this factor related and supporting industries are producing inputs which are important for innovation and internationalization .These industries provide cost effective inputs as well as participate upgrading process which they are using in currently. Thus stimulating other companies in the chain to innovate. Firms strategy, structure and rivalry Firms strategy, structure and rivalry constitutes fourth determinant of competitiveness. The ways, in which companies are generated or created, set goals and monitoring is important for the success. But the intensity of rivalry creating pressure and innovations to face competition. Government can influence Government can influence or support each of the four determinants of competitiveness. In clearly government can influence supply condition of key production factors, demand conditions in the market and competition between firms. As well as government can intervention at local, regional, national or supranational. Chance Events that are occur in the outside of control of a firm. They are important because they are creating discontinuities in which some gain competitive positions and some lose. This theory is plays an important role in the analysis of modern international trade in terms of nations competitiveness. Here the major examples are Coca cola, Standard chartered, Uniliver and Nestles few of companies which are showing nations competitive advantage. 1.2. Benefit and challenges of globalization As a result of globalization the following major benefits are gained by Honda; Entering into new markets As result of globalization different economies are open to the other countries products. That leads entering into new market. Increasing their sales another benefit that is can gain help to increase their sale. Thats leading to increase the profitability of the business. Tax benefit some of the countries are giving tax free benefits, tax holidays, and tax exemptions to promote foreign direct investment. That is helping to increase the company stake and profitability of the country. Opportunity to gain cost advantage In the country like India and china, labor cost is very law. As result of that cost of production can minimize and help to increase profitability also. Help to develop strategic alliances such as joint ventures, mergers, acquisitions, takeovers and tide up agreement, management contract, joint promotion and mega marketing campaign. Which are helpi ng to increase the brand awareness and brand visibility of the in that particular country or region. The following challenges will face by Honda in the global economy Overriding agreement in this case Honda company play dominating role, they have override firodias agreement when entering into Indian market. As a result of that emerged conflict between two parties and both parties suffer due to that agreement. Effect of different risk. The following major risk can be identified via that; Cultural risk Once reach global market is approached will face different cultural barriers. As an example of in India is different cultures and different languages within the countries, as well as way of thinking and attitude is totally different compare to other countries therefore Effect of changes in exchange rate This very crucial factor is in the international business. Effect of exchange rate is directly affected on the profitability of the company as well as creating loss on company. Because of money appreciation and depreciation derived by economic activities like import and export. Threat from natural environmental risk Some of natural environment effects are making huge impact business. Cyclones, heavy raining, flood, snow are directly affected on plant operations and product distribution. Not only that, it is created huge losses on any company. For instance flood and cyclones are making heavy effect on the business operations. Even those cases cannot insure to manage that risk. Changes in Interest rate risk Interest rate makes huge impact on cost borrowings. This is directly affected on financial cost of business and profitability. As well as, it will make impact on the cost of material and components ultimately that will leads to reduce the profitability and raise the price of the product. Labour turnover rate Highly trained or experience staff might acquired by competitors by giving high salaries as well attractive benefit. This issue directly affect on plant operations, raising new staff training and development. Trade secret and leakage of information There risk to leak trade secrets and top importance information (financial and non financial) which are directly influence on decision making and operational activities of business. Such information leakages strengthen competitors. It is very good opportunity for them attack on weaker areas. Some situations if the Inland Revenue get to know about that information, tax issues will are begun. Threats from competitors If competitions is goes up that effect on the company market share and profitability of the company. Behaviour of Employees Negligence, Omissions, fraud, judgmental errors, less knowledge of operations and decisions making might create high risky situations where create huge loses, impact on reputations and loosing the customers. 1.3. Assessing theoretical frame work for international of international trade and globalization in terms of a supporting organizational structure may Honda employing Most suitable theoretical framework work for Honda is application of the porter diamond theory. In case highlighted Considering areas Analysis Factor conditions Human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure are having honda in their business Ex. Technical Know how and brand resources. Diamond conditions Sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and encouraging create more advanced products that those of competitors. Ex Toyota and Nissan bigger competitors which they influence on the buyers behaviors. Related and supporting industries Provide cost effective inputs Ex. low cost metals supplied by suppliers to produce bike and cars. Firms strategy, structure and rivalry Intensity of rivalry creating pressure and innovations to face competition. Ex. Firoid company applies different marketing strategies to protect their home market and increase the sales. Ex Dealer awareness program and door to door campaign. Government can influence Government intervention has significantly involved protecting Firoid company when changes happen in the agreement. Chance Events that are occur in the outside of control of a firm. They are important because they are creating discontinuities in which some gain competitive positions and some lose. 2. Analyzing the Honda internal and external environment and make recommendation to achieve the organizational goals PESTEEL Factors Comment Political environment This would be totally change; No of political parties and their leaders philosophy towards economic development. How extent interfere the international problems. Ex.USA involvement very high as world powerful country. Not only that government grants, capital allowance, tax releases can be done by government base on the level of indutry. Political risk analysis Changes political environment is directly affect on the key strategic decision of the business. Role of the government and supporting for the business is depending on economic policy and foreign trade policy and relationship with the external countries. Under this are need to carry out the following analysis .Each country where Honda is operating need to analyze political risk and government changes, support and contribution auto making industry. Here this analysis help the following areas; Nationalization once political party has changed, they might be look their local products as well as more close and frie ndly countries investment and their business keep up their relationships. Taxation policy Every budgeting reporting period tax such as corporate tax, VAT capital allowances, etc. Economic environment It is describing economic style of the country, market free, or closes economy and mixed economy. On the basis of those economic the following areas will be changes. International trade policy Contribution of different section for GDP and GNP. Banking Finance market. (Exchange rate) Business cycles Need to look, whether there is economic depression or boom to decrease or expand production of the companies. Regulation on tax and layers of tax. Inflation in the economy ex. developing countries is having unpredictable inflation rate. Interest rate and foreign exchange totally changed automobiles cost of production and prices Consumer behavioral difference (such as decision making, response on promotion and advertising) Demand pattern is totally depending on the disposable income of the peoples for automobile sector. Market size growth (Country like India size and growth is very high for auto mobiles, specially for bike in low income segment ) Social environment Peoples diversity would be totally different according to the following factors Education (Highly developed countries peoples education makes difference among the people than developing courtiers. Language Culture norms experiences Motivation Risk taking attitude Technological environment Technological environment has made huge effect on auto mobiles industry. That has produced several advance featuring vehicles such as hybrid vehicles, solar power using vehicles, High security system integrated vehicles, automatically driven vehicles, new piston and engines are producing all the industry players to face competition. As well as technological environment creating new distribution channels such as make an online ordering for car, new technological application for motor vehicle assembling or develops user friendly features. Ecological environment Auto mobile business is making huge impact on physical environment; those are Air pollution Carbon emissions, Gas emissions and the other harmful air is released when driving auto mobile. Therefore to reduce those types of effects, some countries have applied different tax. Sound pollution This is another effects that happening in that environment. In the developing countries and developed countries millions of vehicles are pressing horn butut. That is creating huge sound effect during the traffic jam. Now trend is producing eco friendly bikes. As a result of those changes that is emerging sound of environment protection organizations. s well as they try to take legal action against company to protect environment. Legal environment Tax regulations Any economy is having different taxes for their development. Such as Income taxes Corporate taxes Social protection taxes Port Airport levy Corporate law These might be totally changed at the above mentioned levels. effected for companies Public law Public laws are also making difference at the above levels. Ex. Consumer protections rules and regulations, sales of goods and service, insurance law are highly creating impact on the automobile industry. Customs regulation Same as the above. Different nationals, as well as EU also and Globally custom rules and regulation are totally different Employee laws It is totally difference country to country and EU level as well as global level. Shipping rules regulations The following regulations apply for seaport security. Port Layout and design Passenger separation Staff background checking Staff screening Theses practice cannot be seen at all the international ship orts. Supply chains regulations Global level much more concern about those regulations; Distribution of goods Secure warehousing of goods From the warehouse and airside retail store. Staff security and stock control Description of diversity Strategic Implication Diversity of the market, brands and competitors Develop marketing intelligence system Analyze regular changes in the market and brand , market players Develop the firms strategies to reinforce the market share to beat companies by using marketing mix (7ps) Economic environment changes Scanning economic environment. Developing EIS (economic information system) Predicting changes in the economic environment. Listing to and hear expert opinions regarding future economic diversification. Social environment changes Analyzing the different countries Education, Language, Culture, education, experiences, Motivation towards to works, risk taking attitudes towards works. Review HR policies based on those regional differences. Implement develop strategies and review the strategies to evaluate whether it best fit with that region peoples diversification. Political environment changes Analyzing the different countries political parties and their policie s towards economic, business, education, health, legislation, etc. Analyze who and which parties will come to power. Develop strategy based that changes Additional areas need to be analyzes by the Kinetic Honda Company financial position This can analyze via balance sheet. by looking at financial position of the company can be determined level of short term and long term liquidity, gearing level, efficiency of capital employed, etc. This is very important for the company in terms of marinating stability. Industry cost structure Industry cost structure is help to determine the cost of the production, pricing policy, marketing investment and new product developments. Not only FIRODIAShas to identify future emerging cost and their adverse effects to develop cost minimizing strategies, while maintaining substantial level profit. Contributors of Company capital and return One of the most important sides is capital structure that drives dividend policy, profit retention rate and new expansion, power of creditors in businesses, level of capital investment in business. Owners of capital expecting substantial return on the business as well company expect to expand business future; these two objectives are clashing each other. This must be care fully analyzed to minimize interest gaps. Competitors activities This also making huge impact on the FIRODIASbusiness, if the competitors carry out mega promotion or produce fuel efficient and sophisticated featured car make huge impact competing segment. Competitors tried create barriers to prevent new market opportunities by using merging and takeover strategies. On the other hand they try to attack existing distribution channels by using different strategies. Cost of capital Return On Investment To create sustainable business growth and substantial return to investors as well company itself need to analyse cost of capital As well as firms can apply tools of five forces analysis to get analysed firms strength and weakness. Those 5 forces are; Analysis of the five forces effect on FIRODIAS Threat of new entrants new entrants determinant factors are; Economic of scale Car industry is having high fixed cost to recover need do high sales volume which means high BEP. FIRODIAS is a one of big player market where they can gain high economies of scale comparing other players. Those main reasons are; Technology that they using Level of market segment Business experience Distribution channel efficiency Productivity of labor New entrants cant afford the high fixed cost at the initial stage therefore very limited chance to enter into car market. Wider range of brands Different market segment covered by FIRODIAS by offering different brand, Which is creating entry barriers to another player. Only that they can gain niche market opportunities. Channel Converge FIRODIAS has already developed their distribution channel and having wider market coverage .In this situation also very low chance to take dealer choice for new players. To get their attention need to pay premium for distributors. High level of Capital investment Auto making industry major key driving factor is how much of amount is going to invest for this business. Especially, continuous R D need to keep customers with the business. If the existing player already acquired high volume of sales, very low potential to recover amount of capital invested in business via sales. Bargaining power of suppliers FIRODIAS is large auto maker of the industry; therefore FIRODIAS buy high volume of inputs (metals, irons, plastics, tires, electrics components) from suppliers. In this situation there is no high bargaining power for suppliers. Because of supplier sales and profitability might depending on this level sales.. Threat of substitute Major substitutes are; Cars Jeep Van Cab This is also making effect on GMs existing market. To minimize this threat FIRODIAS needs to go for that market segment. Bargaining power of customers Having Low have bargaining power of customers due to following reasons FIRODIAS has offered different variety of product range for the customer many choices. Different price level Prices are somewhat high other players compare to GM Product quality and safety is most important factor for car users FIRODIASis in the strong position The above reason create l very low potential to barraging for customer in existing car market. Rivalry amongst current competitors in the industry Rivalry amongst current competitors are Toyota, Honda, Benz, in the industry is determining factors are Cost structure market growth rate Production capacity Business environment uncertainties and exit barriers As per above mentioned factors FIRODIAS is in well secured position at the end of stage. This due to their major market driven campaign. 3. Analyzing soft and hard systems methodology Soft component In the soft component is considered as people and companies relationships. Such as culture, value, belief among the people. That is directly affected on to move forward company as whole or move backward. Hard component Hard component of the Company can be considered as method, production, process, 4. Analyzing and assessing the success of Honda business strategies Honda business strategy was to approach the Indian market by using the stake of Firodia Company.But that strategic alliances and joint agreements that they have developed was already failed, due to failure of the Firodia and their performance was not expected level therefore in that aspect they were failed. But ultimately Honda won the mortor cycle segment. 5 6. Discuss principle of corporate governance and ethics and assessing impact of corporate governance on Honda. The principles of corporate governance mainly concern was due financial crisis in the world and in the region. Poor corporate governance is turned business formidable and high risk level. As well as it is creating an effect on the whole economy of country. As an example, in USA Enron and worldcoms are the collapsed businesses due to poor corporate governance. Therefore principles of corporate governance is creating good environment for the companies to run the business very smoothly. The following major principle are apply for the corporate governance Principle 1: Performance Orientation This principle is highlighted that, objectives of any business emprise is to enhance economic value for all the share holders by using resources efficiently and effectively. A company that meets this shareholder value creation objective will have greater internally generated resources, improve forecasting environment, community and social obligations such pay taxes on time, reward, train and retain key staff as well as enhancing employee satisfaction. A key focus is is human capital strategy that is lead corporate success. Principle 2: Nomination and Compensation Committees A key success factor is the quality of leadership of an enterprise. A nomination committee with a written mandate and terms of reference consistent with good practice may ensure the selection of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) of the highest caliber. Comprising mainly of independent directors, the committee should have a written definition of independence, inclusive of both subjective and objective criteria. A compensation committee should set the compensation policy for directors and senior management, commensurate with performance measured against comparable industry benchmarks and key performance Indicators such as economic value added. Principle 3: Disclosure To ensure transparency, companies annual reports should disclose true and fair accounting information prepared in accordance with applicable standards; consider substance over form in the presentation of accounts; disclose and discuss all material risks; disclose and explain the rationale for all material estimates; show manner of compliance, or explain deviations, if any, with applicable corporate governance codes; discuss goals, plans, and progress; and provide access to the register of shareholders showing beneficial ownership. In addition to annual disclosures, enterprises should comply with applicable continuous disclosure requirements. Disclosures should be timely and adequate to enable investors, third party analysts, or rating agencies to assess the quality of corporate governance and the true financial condition of the enterprise. Principle 4: Audit Committee 14. Audit committees with the following attributes are more effective: composed solely of independent directors, at least two of whom should have the requisite knowledge of accountancy, financial analysis, and financial reporting; at least one member should have a good understanding of the business of the enterprise; have a written mandate and terms of reference; engage only independent external auditors who should be answerable to the committee; and require that a suitable system of internal control and risk management is embedded into the fabric of the company; and focus on the substance of underlying transactions. Principle 5: Code of Conduct All enterprises must have a written code of business conduct and establish systems to ensure That it and all applicable laws are followed in letter and spirit. Principle 6: Conflicts of Interest Directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company that requires them to act in the best interest of the company. Actual and potential conflicts of interest should be identified, disclosed, and explained in sufficient detail to enable valid judgments to be made on their adverse impact. The persons who are conflicted should not participate in discussion and decision of the issue in question, nor be entitled to vote on any resolution where they are conflicted. Related party contracts should be disclosed in the annual report. Principle 7: Environmental and Social Commitment There is an inextricable relationship among the objectives of corporate performance, social development, and environmental protection. Enterprises, to be sustainable, will need to recognize and effectively deal with this triad of concerns, which, at times, may conflict with each other. Principle 8: Conduct of the Board of Directors Directors are expected to preserve and enhance shareholder value. Their effectiveness can be enhanced if they are legally empowered, have the requisite qualifications for the board committees on which they sit, make the needed time commitment, given the appropriate directorship training, are suitably compensated, receive proper notice of meetings, have the right to propose agenda items, consult each other privately in the absence of management and executive directors, and provided with appropriate information to enable them to perform their monitoring role and evaluate the performance of directors. They should be proactive and diligent. Principle 9: Responsibilities of Investors The pursuit of good corporate governance in investee enterprises is a risk management tool. Institutional investors, general partners, and fund managers have a fiduciary duty to actively monitor and vote on issues vital to the success of enterprises in which they invest as guardians of the savings entrusted to them. Enterprises will find it helpful to communicate with them, deliver in a timely manner true and fair disclosure reports, and remove impediments from voting by all shareholders by taking advantage of modern communications and follow a one-vote for one-share policy. The fair treatment of minority shareholders must be ensured and large institutional investors should lead the pursuit of shareholder rights Principle 10: The Role of Directors in Turnaround Situations Directors of troubled companies must play a proactive role in turnaround situations, but avoid preferential treatment of creditors, or trade when the company is insolvent. Recommendation Honda must follow the principle 9 responsible for the investors. Because of they have broken that principle. Honda had broken down principle of 6 (Conflicts of Interest).therefore they must follow that principles also As a ultimate conclusion Honda must follow the all corporate governance principles 7. Analyzing the implementation of organizational goals Working forces planning 50 teams has sent shop to shop and door to door Incorporating benchmark Kinetic has changed their credit policy Quality systems Improve mileage of scooters Budgeting mechanisms KEL increased their sales by 20% Marketing system Kinetic used agents to reach semi urban and rural areas. Ex reached Ghandinagar and Anhamdatbadh. Customer satisfaction camp. Brand promotional campaign arranged by Kinetic

Cold Dark Matter (CDM)

The universe is made up of at least two kinds of matter. Primarily, theres the material we can detect, which astronomers call baryonic matter. Its thought of as ordinary matter because its made of protons and neutrons, which can be measured. Baryonic matter includes stars and galaxies, plus all the objects they contain. However, there is also stuff out there in the universe that cant be detected through normal observational means. Yet, it does exist because astronomers can measure its gravitational effect on baryonic matter. Astronomers call this material dark matter because, well, its dark. It doesnt reflect or emit light. This mysterious form of matter presents some major challenges to understanding a great many things about the universe, going right back to the beginning, some 13.7 billion years ago.   The Discovery of Dark Matter Decades ago, astronomers found that there wasnt enough mass in the universe to explain things like the rotation of stars in  galaxies and the movements of star clusters. Mass affects an objects motion through space, whether its a galaxy or a star or a planet. Judging by the way some galaxies rotated, for example, it appeared that there was more mass out there somewhere. But, it wasnt being detected. It was somehow missing from the mass inventory they assembled using stars and nebulae to assign a galaxy a given mass. Dr. Vera Rubin and her team were observing galaxies when they first noticed a difference between expected rotation rates (based on estimated masses of those galaxies) and the actual rates they observed. Researchers began to dig more deeply into figuring out where all the missing mass had gone. They considered that perhaps our  understanding of physics, i.e. general relativity, was flawed, but too many other things didnt add up. So, they decided that perhaps the mass was still there, but simply not visible. While it is still possible that we are missing something fundamental in our theories of gravity, the second option has been more palatable to physicists. Out of that revelation was born the idea of dark matter. Theres observational evidence for it around galaxies, and theories and models point to the involvement of dark matter early in the universes formation. So, astronomers and cosmologists know its out there, but havent yet figured out what it is yet. Cold Dark Matter (CDM) So, what could dark matter be? As of yet, there are only theories and models. They can actually be slotted into three general groups: hot dark matter (HDM), warm dark matter (WDM), and cold dark matter (CDM). Of the three, CDM has long been the leading candidate for what this missing mass in the universe is. However, some researchers still favor a combination theory, where aspects of all three types of dark matter exist together to make up the total missing mass. CDM is a kind of dark matter that, if it exists, moves slowly compared to the speed of light. It is thought to have been present in the universe since the very beginning and has very likely influenced the growth and evolution of galaxies. as well as the formation of the first stars. Astronomers and physicists think that its most likely some exotic particle that hasnt yet been detected. It very likely has some very specific properties: It would have to lack an interaction with the electromagnetic force. This is fairly obvious, since dark matter is dark. Therefore it doesnt interact with, reflect, or radiate any type of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum.   However, any candidate particle that makes up cold dark matter would have to take into account that it has to interact with a gravitational field. For proof of this, astronomers have noticed that dark matter accumulations in galaxy clusters wield a gravitational influence on light from more distant objects that happens to be passing by. This so-called gravitational lensing effect has been observed many times. Candidate Cold Dark Matter Objects While no known matter meets all of the criteria for cold dark matter, at least three theories have been advanced to explain CDM (if they exist). Weakly Interacting Massive Particles: Also known as WIMPs, these particles, by definition, meet all the needs of CDM. However, no such particle has ever been found to exist. WIMPs have become the catch all term for all cold dark matter candidates, regardless of why the particle is thought to arise.  Axions: These particles possess (at least marginally) the necessary properties of dark matter, but for various reasons are probably not the answer to the question of cold dark matter..MACHOs: This is an acronym for Massive Compact Halo Objects, which are objects like black holes, ancient neutron stars, brown dwarfs and planetary objects. These are all non-luminous and massive. But, because of their large sizes, both in terms of volume and mass, they would be relatively easy to detect by monitoring localized gravitational interactions. However, there are problems with the MACHO hypothesis. The observed motion of galaxies, for instance, is uniform in a way that would be hard to explain if MACHOs supplied the missing mass. Furthermore, star clusters would require a very uniform distribution of such objects within their boundaries. That seems very unlikely. Also, the sheer number of MACHOs that would have to be fairly large in order to explain the missing mass. Right now, the mystery of dark matter doesnt have an obvious solution — yet. Astronomers continue to design experiments to search for these elusive particles. When they do figure out what they are and how they are distributed throughout the universe, they will have unlocked another chapter in our understanding of the cosmos. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.