The Reconstruction of the Union After the Civil War Essay

The reconstruction of the Union began under President Lincoln before the end of the war, and carried on by President Johnson after the assassination of President Lincoln. After Lincoln’s death, the leadership of the nation bestowed upon Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. According to A. Brinkley (pg. 375), Johnson revealed his plan for reconstruction or â€Å"Restoration†, as he preferred to call it, soon after he took office and implemented it during the summer of 1865 when Congress was in recess. Like Lincoln, he offered some form of amnesty to Southerners who would take a pledge of loyalty to the Union. In most other respect, however, his plan resembled the Wade-Davis Bill. The next phase of reconstruction, known as the Congressional Plan or†¦show more content†¦Grant. This latter period was the greatest trial that the South had to bear, not excepting the terrible ordeal of war. To understand properly the surroundings, it is necessary to enumerate briefly the events, which occurred early in 1865, and the directions given by President Johnson to the military officers of the United States. The death of President Lincoln regarded as the greatest catastrophe that could have happened to the people of the South. The arrest and imprisonment of President Davis and many of the Confederate soldiers and statesmen have been already related. The treatment of Mr. Davis was very harsh indeed, complicity in the assassination of Mr. Lincoln cruelly imputed to him, and a large reward offered for his capture. Every town, village, district occupied rapidly by the Union troops as the Confederate resistance melted away, and all civil government ignored. The governors of most of the seceded States attempted to call their legislatures together to conform to the resul ts of the war and take steps for their restoration to the Union. They did this, believing that the American principle of government--the sovereignty and indestructibility of the States--would be respected and that these prompt proceedings would be favored as the constitutional plan of restoration. They did this also believing it necessary to preserve civil government, and to show by legislative enactment complete submission to the resultsShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War Was A Grave Cause Of Many Events. Many People1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil war was a grave cause of many events. Many people may see the results of the war as a chain reaction to many following eras. One of the most prominent eras that emerged from the civil war was the reconstruction era. The reconstruction era emerged around 1865 and continued until 1877. This time period generally refers to the time in United States history in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious So uthern states back into the Union. The States wereRead MoreThe American Civil War1418 Words   |  6 PagesGuns fired, smoke lingering in the air, people dying. The American Civil War had a huge impact on the United States. Two compromises took place before the start of the Civil War. These compromises include the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri Compromise dealt with the crisis in 1819 over Missouri entering the Union as a slave state. The compromise was â€Å"the first major crisis over slavery, and it shattered a tacit agreement between the two regions that had been in placeRead MoreEssay on My Own Reconstruction Plan after the Civil War867 Words   |  4 Pages After the great battle of the American Civil War was fought, and the North won, a bigger battle still had to take place; reconstruction. Reconstruction after the war was not going to be easy, and it was not. What was the primary goal? What should be done to ex-confederates? Free Blacks? How should this reconstruction take place? Many of these questions were solved by the government, but how well? Reconstruction could have gone very differently, and that is what I intend to show. I will developRead MoreReconstruction : The Misadventures Of Post Civil War1116 Words   |  5 PagesProf. Van Natter Reconstruction (The Misadventures of Post-Civil War America) America: â€Å"The land of the free, and the home of the brave† (Key 7-8). When our forefathers overcame the colonial reign of the British Empire, they formed the United States of America based on the premise of enlightened ideals promoting life, ownership of land, and liberty. But after the revolution, the country’s problems were far from solved. The country’s post-revolution issues sparked a Civil War, which was followedRead MoreCauses Of The Civil War And Reconstruction751 Words   |  4 Pagesof people talk about the U.S history are the Civil War and the Reconstruction. The Civil War was the turning point in the U.S history, while the Reconstruction brought order out of chaos of the Civil War. After all these, the U.S grows rapidly and becomes a superpower today. From my perspective, the most important cause of the Civil War is the conflict between the northern capitalism economy and the sourthern plantation economy. And the Reconstruction did spread fr eedom and brought more oppotunitiesRead MoreWhat Caused The Civil War? Slavery? Politics?Social Conflicts?Maybe1628 Words   |  7 PagesWhat caused the Civil War? Slavery? Politics? Social Conflicts? Maybe it was little bit of everything. In 1861-1865 America s bloodiest conflict happened. It was called the Civil War. The Civil War was between the North and the South about slavery. The North was antislavery, but the South was all for slavery. The North wanted to free the slaves to help fight the war, but the South was not fond of that. Some would believe that they would talk it out; however, they both decided to haveRead MoreReconstruction Is The Effort Made In The United States1566 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction is the effort made in the United States to restructure the political, legal, and economic systems in the states seceded from the Union. The Reconstruction Era last between the years of 1865-1877. The Civil War caused destruction and several deaths throug hout the South in 1865. This struggle was compensated by radical Republicans who felt that they were in control of Southerners by punishing them for wanting to preserve their southern tradition. How would the North and the South comeRead MoreReconstruction And The Rights Of Former Slaves. In The998 Words   |  4 PagesReconstruction and the Rights of Former Slaves In the 1860s the United States was a nation that had been ripped apart by the Civil War and left in torn pieces. The war left many white southerners stripped of their slaves, land, and in destroyed towns with little to eat. The only people worse off than the white southerners at this point in history were the black southerners who had nothing to their names but the freedom they had recently been granted which left them penniless and searching for aRead MoreReconstruction Failure Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction period is the name given to the time in between 1863 and 1877. This period’s main goal was to reunite the United States of America after the most substantial event of disunity in American existence: The Civil War. Reconstruction consisted of many proposed plans and attempts to reinstate the Southern states back into the union. In the early stages, there was some promise as to what reconstruction had the ability to accomplish, because some political gr oups had the right ideas aboutRead MoreReconstruction and the Myth of the Lost Cause1511 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the Civil war, the Union was reestablished in racism. Reconstruction was the constitutional effort (13th, 14th, 15th amendment) of the north to force the south to treat the freed slaves as citizens. Reconstruction failed miserably. It is one of the least glorious parts of American history. Some nationalists like to think that there are no badly edifying chapters of America, and decide to forget about it. The civil war was one of the big three events along with the Revolution and World War Two

Child Observation 3 1/2 Year Old PreSchooler Essay

For 12 weeks I observed a young pre-schooler Child C aged 31/2 years old, through my account I would give an observer’s view of Child C, three theories peculiar to Child C and my the emotions evoked in me as an observer. My observation assisted in my understanding of the changes in Child C as the week progressed over the 12 weeks. My first few visits at the nursery Child C appeared boisterous and obnoxious. This led me to assume Child C was the class bully, I shared my finding with the class and the views were ambivalent and divided. I was concerned for a few weeks, however after a few more visits at the nursery my opinion changed as I realised Child C was not a bully but rather a self willed, assertive child. According to Piaget†¦show more content†¦He responded by saying â€Å"You must always lay the table properly†. Another example is from week 8’s observation... while out in the play ground Child C was playing two other girls (child T and child F), they were mixing sand in a bowl, what are you doing? Another child enquired, we are making a â€Å"chocolate cake†. Let’s add some more sand so the ‘chocolate cake’ to make it taste nicer. No! child T said I don’t want to, you’re not sharing Child C said, we need to add some more sand, so the cake would taste nicer, then we can put it in the oven. Child T stood her ground â€Å"no I don’t want to†,... child T still refuses to let Child C mix more sand in her â€Å"chocolate cake mixture†, with no resolution in sight Child C storms off to start his own ‘chocolate cake mixture’ only Child C gets a really big bowl... As an observer I marvelled Chi ld C looked like a little ‘Jamie Oliver’. Through play acting, Child C demonstrates his ability to learn and maintain social relationship through being self assertive and making chocolate cakes . Neven R.S p. 21 Play is a pivotal aspect of early childhood, which has led to a child’s personality being developed, the way children learn, resolve issues, and maintain social relationships in subsequent school years as they grow older. Play can also be described as an experience, a product, work, fun and a vital aspect of communicationShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Home Daycares And Daycare Centers3734 Words   |  15 PagesAssessing the Quality of Care Found in Both Settings Jennifer Lea Grossman Amberton University TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Genesis Purpose and Methods Significance Operational Definitions Research Questions 2. LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................7 3. METHODOLOGY....................................................................................12 Participants Materials ProcedureRead MoreCognitive and Physical Stimulation Toys have on Children1641 Words   |  7 Pages1.Discuss the possible cognitive effect (if any) that each of the toys has on the age group that the toy is targeted toward. What cognitive stimulation does the toy provide? â€Å"At about age 2 children become capable of representation, of thinking about the properties of things without having to act on them directly. This capacity marks the first level of the preoperational period. At this level, the child can deal with only one representation-one idea or thought at a time. At the second level ofRead MoreExploring How Psychologists Study the Role of Play in Child Development2367 Words   |  10 PagesExploring How Psychologists Study the Role of Play in Child Development Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition, 1995 defines â€Å"play† as: â€Å"[Children] when children play, they do things that they enjoy, often together or with toys.† Play is one of the most powerful vehicles children have for trying out and mastering new social skills, concepts and experiences. Psychologists, such as Faulkner (1995), present evidence that play is seen as a mean of developingRead MoreA Case Study of Reverse Inclusion in an Early Childhood Classroom4433 Words   |  18 PagesThere are 4 typically developing students enrolled full-time in the class for a class total of 15 students. They are between the ages of three and five years old. There are two full-time lead teachers, two assistants, and one extended day teacher. This study consisted of parent surveys, teacher interviews, and student observations. The observations were done during non-structured times during the school day such as recess and centers, and were conducted three days per week for one month. The resultsRead MoreAttachment in Developmental Psychology1796 Words   |  8 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attachment is the bond that links humans to vital people in their lives. This bond begins to develop early on in life. According to Berk (2012), infants can become attached to regular people in their lives before the second half of their first year of life. These early attachments are normally to the primary caregivers of the infant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An infant with an attachment disorder is an infant who is unable to connect with his or her caregiver. This can also be called insecure attachment, meaningRead MoreEffective Teacher Commands Of Behavior And Academic Success After Teacher Training Essay1855 Words   |  8 Pagesalso implemented praise with commands to compare findings of effectiveness. Dobbs and Arnold (2009), implemented similar procedures and training by applying praise with effective commands and how it impacted the relationship between teachers and preschoolers. Bertsch, Houlihan, Lenz, and Patte (2009), took the research of Matheson and Shriver (2005), even deeper by investigating teacher’s commands in eight distinct categories. Their research investigated how each specific command given affected theRead MoreCulturally Consistent Spacial Layout Improves Learning and Memory1407 Words   |  6 Pagesto finish (a few times, if necessary), then put the article out of sight, and describe it as best you can from memory. This takes time to do well, so this is not the type of assignment that can be done the night before it is due! (15 points; approx. 1-1.5 pages) Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to see if there was any correlation between the spatial presentation of stimuli and a change in comprehension and memorizing information. Variables: The variables used in the first experimentRead MoreChild Directed Vs Teacher Directed Curriculum991 Words   |  4 Pagesof the cortex in late teens is closely related to a child s cognitive stimulation at four years old. Other factors such as cognitive stimulation at eight year old and parental nurturing showed no effect on the brain scans. These results are proof of a sensitive period that determines the development of the cortex. It is extremely important to utilize the proper curriculum during this particular window of opportunity. The controversy over child-directed vs teacher-directed curriculum isn’t anythingRead MoreGathering, Analysing and Reporting Research Data Essay Outline1053 Words   |  5 Pageson examining Piaget’s concepts in a practical way. It links to your achievement of the Unit Outcomes 3 and 4: 3 Collect, analyse and interpret data with respect to the domains of development. 4 Develop academic essay and report writing skills The assignment consists of clear steps which are outlined below: Gathering the data (revisit Chapter 2 for information on ethics, observation and note taking) †¢ Collect about 20 small items that can be sorted or categorised in multiple waysRead MorePro Social Skills Helps Them Get Along With Others3493 Words   |  14 PagesPro-Social skill describes to identify the behaviours people use to help them get along with others. Those behaviours include giving help and comfort to others. In the Early childhood sector, it helps a child to show empathy and get along with other children in a positive way. Showing empathy also described as the ability to understand another person’s emotions. To become a kind, warm-hearted and anxious person, pro-social skills are important in making friends and collaborating in class. These

Individual Positivism free essay sample

Positivism emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century, and sought to oppose traditional, Classical ways of criminological thinking. The theory tended to look at crime scientifically, in order to produce facts based around the key causes of crime and so, they could attempt to truly understand what kind of people offend and for what reasons. Offenders and offending behaviour had been understood before as voluntary concepts, where people had free will and the choice to commit crime (or not to). Positivists began to observe crime as a more deterministic concept and challenged whether or not people really do choose to offend. Moreover, the overall and fundamental view of an Individual Positivist is that those who become involved in crime or deviance are characteristically different to those who abide by the law. The theory, also known as Eugenics is a primarily, biologically based theory that claims that criminality is individualistic, i. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Positivism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. crime is committed mainly by individuals as opposed to those in groups. These theorists put forward the notion that certain idiosyncrasies – either physical or psychological – are similar in those who are criminal, and those who are not in turn, will not fit this particular criteria. Physical attributes such as, having ‘darker skin’ or ‘larger ears’ were believed by Cesare Lombroso to be influential factors for involvement in crime and deviance. (2006) (companion refs) Lombroso believed that there was an â€Å"in-born criminality† in criminals. He called them â€Å"atavistic† with features more akin to â€Å"savages†, a view held by many positivists. Other developments in this psychological approach found that even the size of the human brain is a determinant factor for criminal behaviour. (2008) (companion) Eysenck furthers this argument by saying that someone’s IQ level can determine their criminality. He backs this up by highlighting statistics that display Chinese or Asian people being the most intelligent people in the world population, with White people coming second in the ranks and Black people were claimed to be the least intelligent. This data reflects the ratio of the prison population and shows in his opinion, how criminal behaviour can be linked to intelligence levels. This view has been criticised however, because it has been highlighted that say for example, if an IQ test is generated by White people then White people will find the test relatively easier in comparison with if it was made up by Black or Chinese people. It is argued that IQ tests are culturally biased, e. g. A question might ask â€Å"Knife is to Fork as Cup is to†¦? † The answer is ‘Saucer,’ but this should not be expected to be a universally known answer, as eating and drinking habits vary enormously in differing countries and cultures. As such characteristics are inherited or acquired beyond anyone’s control, Individual Positivists would claim that the most beneficial way of preventing crime is to treat or rehabilitate criminals and ‘fix’ or ‘normalise’ their minds, so to speak. Coleman and Norris (2000) believe that in focusing on the characteristics and abnormalities and through discovering the causes which distinguish a criminal from a normal person, individual positivism allows for, and is a more humane and effective way of controlling crime.

Jackie Robinson Breaking the Racial Barriers free essay sample

According to the ales of the Hall of Fame, a player must be retired for five years before he can be considered for induction. Both Feller and Robinson were elected in the first year they were eligible (141 As Robinson received his plaque to take his place among the greats in the Hall of Fame, he said, Ive been riding on cloud number nine since the election, and dont think Ill ever come down. Today everything is complete (Robinson 142). After the induction ceremony, an exhibition game between the Milwaukee Braves and the New York Yankees was to take place at Doubleday Field, where the sport had its beginnings.Sudden thunderstorm allayed the game, and after an hours wait it was cancelled. At this same time, picketers in the streets of Harlem were carrying signs saying, Jackie, we love you as a ballplayer, but not as a spokesman for the Negro race (143). We will write a custom essay sample on Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Racial Barriers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just two days earlier at a banquet in the Waldron Astoria Hotel in New York City, many people had paid $25 a plate to show their admiration for Jackie as both a ballplayer and a representative of the Negro race as well. Some of the most distinguished figures in the nation were present this day and their praise was loud and long (Mann 187).Jackie had accepted without hesitation challenge to break a prevailing color barrier in the national sport of America with complete knowledge of how much depended on him. Few men had ever faced such competitive odds when becoming a player in organized baseball. Despite criticism and opposition, Jack Roosevelt Robinson had truly come a long way from his poor beginnings as the grandson of slaves in Cairo, Georgia, to breaking the racial barriers in major league baseball by becoming its first black athlete and achieving hall of fame status. Jackie Robinsons childhood was a struggle in family and financial matters.He was born on January 31, 1919, on a peonage that was one step away from the slavery into which his grandparents had been born (Mann 53). Only six months after Jackie was born his father deserted the family. This led to several hardships. The family lived on a sharecroppers farm until the plantation owner used the fathers leave as an excuse to keep the whole crop the family had raised and to evict the widow and her children (54). Jackasss mother gathered her young ones about her with bitter feelings and found work as a domestic servant. About a year later, Robinsons uncle came to visit.He had served in the first World War. Afterward he had settled in California. When he returned to visit his family in Georgia, they scarcely recognized him, because he was dressed so finely (Mann 57). Once he learned of their troubles, he was immediately convinced that his sister and her children would do better in California. Within a few days, she boarded a train with her five little ones. They arrived in Pasadena toward the end of May, 1 920, and moved into tight quarters with her sister and brother-in-law, brother, a nephew and her husbands cousin (Robinson 79).Though they lacked hot water and a kitchen sink, Pasadena mimed glorious with its blue hills on the horizon and its wonderful air. Mrs.. Robinson accepted a job doing housework while the Welfare Department provided clothing for the children (80). Mrs.. Robinson soon found employment at which she could earn enough money to consider a more ample living space. They found a house on Pepper Street, however, the neighborhood did not welcome these Georgia Negroes (Robinson 82). Criticism from neighbors became a part of Jackasss life as a toddler.By the time he was eight years old, he was doing what came naturally: standing his ground and answering back when the occasion demanded. As the Robinson boys became old enough to work, they sought ways to help solve the familys financial problems. Frank and Mack found a number of strange jobs, such as shining shoes and selling hot dogs (Bonnets 60). Jackasss first regular employment was carrying the Los Angels Times and the Los Angels Examiner on a regular Sunday morning delivery route. Later, he worked on Saturdays helping his uncle tend lawns and shrubbery( 61 By that time, Jackie Robinson was ready for high school, and at Mir Tech it did not take him long to find expression in athletics for the rare coordination and the eighty controlled competitive instinct with which he had been born. Some found him too aggressive and cocky, yet his coaches were delighted with his abilities. With Jackie on the teams, Mir Tech became a high school terror in Southern California football, basketball, baseball and track. Every team they faced came into the game under orders to stop Robinson (Young 123).Strange as it may seem in retrospect, the major colleges failed to get steamed up over Jackie Robinsons prospects at this point. When he received no offer of a full scholarship, he decided to enter Pasadena Junior College (Young 123). Only his oldest brother, Frank, was upset by this, however. Frank had become almost like a father to his youngest brother. He was convinced that nothing but rank injustice was behind this apparent snub. But well show C]me, he vowed. You just wait till next fall (123). In the practice sessions that fall, however, Jackie was too anxious to completely fulfill Franks prediction.Trying to play on a slippery field, he caught his foot in a hole, and at that instant two tacklers hit him. Later, the trainer found that he had broken his ankle, so he was sitting on the bench when the season began (Robinson 9). He played quarterback during the last six games that year, however, and the record for these contests was five wins for Pasadena and one scoreless tie. The college scouts who had passed him up in high school were now convinced (10). In basketball, baseball, and track, he made their miscalculation even more emphatic.He got headlines as he starred in each, and in a track meet at Pomona College he seta new world record for the broad jump by a junior college athlete (Robinson 10). After Pasadena Junior College had won the baseball championship that year, Jackie was named the most valuable junior college player in Southern California. He had batted . 417 and stolen twenty-five bases in twenty-four games (Smith 73). Jimmy Dykes, manager of the Chicago White Sox at the time, was quoted in a newspaper as saying, That boy could play major league baseball at a moments notice (Bonnets 63).Through the football season of his second year at Pasadena J, Jackie Robinson became a legend in Southern California. People who spoke about UCLA or USC had to be careful or they would find themselves interrupted by someone who would insist that the only football player worth mentioning was that colored boy out at Pasadena (Young 127). San Francisco sportswriters were skeptical of all this Jackie Robinson buildup when the Pasadena team came into Ezra Stadium on November 1 1 to play San Francisco Junior College. Nevertheless, his seventy-five-yard touchdown run the first time he carried the ball convinced them (128).He left the field three quarters later to an astonishing ovation. After Pasadena, of course, he had a wide choice of senior colleges. One of the main reasons he chose UCLA was his brother, Frank. The idea of Jackasss playing at a college so far away from home that Frank could not attend the games was unthinkable for either f them. Sadly, Frank never saw Jackie play at UCLA. He died in a motorcycle accident in May of 1939 (Robinson 10). As a result, Jackie brilliant years as a Bruin star were tinged with inner grief.At Calcified became the first athlete to letter in four sports in one year. He participated in basketball, baseball, football, and track, and received honorable mention in football and basketball (Robinson 10). When Jackie decided in the spring of 1941 to drop out of college before graduating, the Los Angels sportswriters and editors showered him with praise. George T. Davis, of the Herald Express, declared, Its my honest opinion that Jackie Robinson will go down in history as the greatest all-around athlete in Pacific Coast history (Bonnets 65).Drafted into the Army, Jackie applied for Officer Candidate School. At Fort Riley in Oklahoma, where he was stationed, Negroes had not thus far been accepted for SOC, and Jackie confronted for the first time as an adult the problem of racial discrimination. His reaction was automatic. He resented it. He sent complaints to the Secretary of Defense, who immediately flew out to Riley to check them. Within a few days, Jackie Robinson and several other Negroes ere in SOC (Robinson 13). Robinson received his commission and served as a morale officer.After his discharge, Jackie was offered three hundred dollars a month to play baseball for the Kansas City Monarchs, a Negro team. He would not leave for that amount but then was offered four hundred dollars instead. In April of 1945, he joined the Monarchs in training camp at Houston (Smith 77). A few days later, though, he received a call from Wendell Smith, sports editor for The Pittsburgh Courier, a Negro weekly, saying that the Boston Red Sox of the American League had agreed to give tryouts to a few Negroes. Jackie hesitated, doubting the sincerity of the offer, but he let himself be talked into taking the trip (78).To Jackie Robinson, Sam Ejector, and Marvin Williams, the players who attended this so-called tryout, the whole experience became something of a hoax. Nothing came of it and so far as they could see, nothing was ever intended to come of it. Actually, it was not wholly without significance. Writers such as Deed Sullivan, Damon Run-on, and others who were not well known were discrediting baseball bosses (Smith 78). The recent war against Hitler had changed the racial attitudes of many Americans. Joe Louses appealing image had had an effect. How could baseball continue as the American pastime while practicing a policy of Jim Crow that contradicted the principles of democracy? Discussions like this and tryouts like the one in Boston continued. While this went on, at least one man Was giving serious thought to a means of overcoming the difficulties and bringing about a change. He was Branch Rickety, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers. He had gone to school with Negroes in Ohio in his boyhood, and he had coached Negro college students at Ohio Wesleyan. His own thoughts on the subject were clear.The apparently farcical Red Sox tryout had not escaped his notice. He made a mental note of one name: Jackie Robinson. Eventually he added other names to his little private list, such as Don Newcomer and Roy Campanile, but he was not ready to disclose his plans (Dodgers #42). He went ahead quietly checking out prospects and assuring himself of the complete support of the Dodgers directors and stockholders. His number one aim, of course, was to strengthen the Dodger ball club. His number two aim was to help end the racial discrimination. Success in each would depend to a large extent on the player himself.His ability as a player had to be beyond question. He would have to make the grade in everybodys book. Important as this was, however, his poise and his coolness under tension, was even more vital (Soul Game). He would have to be a real man out on the field. He could not afford to give ground. Neither could he afford at any time to let his feelings boil over. When the brush-back came at the plate, when spikes were in the air at second or third, when insults came from the stands, and whenever tension arouse, he would have to be in control of himself.When Rickety indicated that he had settled on Robinson as his inner, questions arouse. There were those who knew of Jackasss habit of arguing and standing his ground, and they favored a more submissive type of player. Jackie, himself, was skeptical of the decision. Mr.. Rickety, he asked, are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back? Robinson, Rickety said, l am looking for a ballplayer with guts enough not to fight back. Theyll taunt and goad you. Theyll do anything to make you react. Theyll try to provoke a race riot in the ball park. This is the way to prove to the public that a Negro should not be allowed in the major league. This is the way to frighten the fans and make them afraid to attend the games (TIME 104). Could Jackie Robinson succeed under such pressure? Could any athlete do it? Jackie Robinson was asked to make good with teammates, coaches and a manager who had been raised with attitudes of prejudice (Dodgers #42). He was called on to win the respect of fans who could not be expected to be more emancipated than these. Then there was the vast public at home that followed baseball results in newspapers and on the air.The opposing teams, the enemies on the field of play, who should have been the sole concern of he aspiring athlete, were actually the least of Jackasss worries. Each time Robinson planted his spikes in the soft dirt of the batters box, he felt the full weight of a collective dream: someday, in a different America, children of color would find the path to stardom uncluttered by racial obstac les, and his lonely struggle would hasten the day when black athletes could be athletes first, symbols second (Christian Science Monitor 1 There were 25,000 people on hand to see Jackie when he appeared for the first time in organized baseball. It happened in Jersey City on the eighteenth of April, 1946 (Young 154). Every spectator in the stands was there to see the debut of the Montreal second baseman. When he went to bat the first time, he grounded out to the infield. In his second time at bat he drove in three Montreal runs as he lined a 335-foot home run over the left-field wall with two men on base (154). That was just the beginning. In three more times at bat that day, Jackie beat out two bunts and put a single into right field for a total of four hits in five attempts (155).Robinson went on to win the International League batting championship with an average of . 349 and to lead the league in fielding with a 985 average. He stole forty bases that season (159). His season with the Royals was epitomized in the Little World Series of 1 946, when his team met the Louisville Colonels for the minor league championship. The games played in Louisville were tense, and the fact that the local club owners had put a quota on the number of Negro fans who could attend had intensified rather than reduced the tension (Robinson 42).Jackie emerged as the hero in the final and decisive game. Joy overflowed in Montreal, and Robinson had to be protected from his admirers. According to sportswriter Sam Martin, It was rabble the only day in history that a black man ran from a white mob with love instead of lynching on its mind (43). Jackie came up to the Dodgers of the National League the following year as a first baseman. He was severely heckled by all of the opposing teams, but mostly by the Philadelphia Phillips (Dodgers #42).Torrents of abuse poured from their dugout with childish remarks and gestures that coincided with the threats that had been made. Some Of the players sat in the dugout and pointed bats at him while making machine-kinglike noises. It was an incredibly childish display of bad will. Through it all, though, Robinson kept his temper and helped lead the Dodgers to the 1947 pennant (TIME 104). They won the pennant in five of the next ten years in which Jackie Robinson played on the team. In the majors as in the minors he was Rookie of the Year in his first season.Two years later, he was named the National Leagues Most Valuable Player. During his ten years in the majors, Jackie stole 197 bases, more than any other player for a similar period. He was selected to play in six All-Star games. He led National League second baseman in fielding four times. He set a National League record for bubble plays by a second baseman in 1951 with 137. He set a National League fielding record for a second baseman the same year with an average of . 992. His overall batting average in organized baseball was . 11 (Opponents 70). In January 1 957, Jackie decided it was time for him to retire from athletics. Robinson spent his final years as a successful businessman and a conspicuous Republican turned Democrat He was the vice president and personnel director of the Chock Full O Nuts Company, a snack bar chain. He was also a tireless, outspoken champion of civil rights and rehabilitation orgasm for drug addicts. In later years, Robinson was slowed by a heart condition, arthritis, and a case of diabetes that left him blind in one eye. He was only 53 when he died (TIME 140). Its first black athlete and achieving hall of fame status. When the 1972 World Series opened only a few weeks before Jackasss death, he was presented with a plaque commemorating the 25th anniversary of his arrival in the big leagues. l am extremely proud and pleased, he said, but will be more pleased the day can look over at third base and see a black man as manager (TIME 104). By the end Of the century Robinsons dream had in a large part become reality.