ANALYSIS THE ROLE OF HONDA AND HONDA KINETIC - Free Essay Example

1. Globaliztion international trade theories Explain Globalization is the process of creating relationships, interactions and integrate among the economies, societies, cultures, people, companies, and government of the different countries, a process driven by international trade and investment support by information technology. This process is influence on environment, on cultures, on economic development, international trade and human well being in the around world. As result of the globalization changes came into effect in various aspects; Economic (international trades) Political Cultural Industrial Financial markets Heath sectors Information Language Competition Ecological changes According the above mentioned areas, the concept globalization is help to develop different areas. But, as a result of globalization negative effects are Influence on Economic liberation by different nations and unions. Brain drain Most of intelligent people move around the world without remaining mother countries. Such as Business managers, Doctors, Engineers and Scientist, etc. Common Disease Spreading the disease across the world than the past. Financial Crisis global financial crisis will make more impact on the different economies. Ex. Economic down turn in USA made huge impact on the all over the world. Increase income disparity among the different countries. and create multicultural impact Illicit trading and increased breaking international and country laws will. When it further analyzed globalization Famous writer Peter Dickens says about the globalization the following manner; A qualitatively different process in which there is a functional integration of internationally dispersed activities (Global Shift) The Global Shift book was explained two type of concept which is related in each other. Those are; Internationalization Globalization Further he explained following changes in his books Extension of production chains across national boundaries Pattern of foreign direct investment (FDI) The creation of supranational organizations Technology acting as engine of economic transformation The development of unit of enterprise through the spending of multinational enterprises. The impact of the particular industries on transferring cultures, lifestyles and personnel across national boundaries. Therefore we can be concluded; As a result of globa lization ,the governments and individuals in the industrialized nations increased growth potential capacity in globalize economy Government policies more focus towards to the economic development, stable of the economy ,increasing the employment, reduce social inequality, social fairness and promotion of small firms, increased harnessing of innovative technologies and attracting foreign investment Always make difference in incomes and living standards within the different nations. Practices and standardization of global governance more and more influenced on global businesses authorities. Different professional bodies influence on the different areas and bring more concepts widening scope the subject. Ex CIMA, AMA, CIM they changing their subjects to adapt globalization concept. Increased unemployment among the people the unskilled, poorly educated. Need more and more multi skilled people to manage the different haphazard and environmental changes effect on the bus iness. Effect of globalization is that creating an international trading opportunities as well as disadvantage for all the countries in the world. As result of dealing in international trade business, different theories and concept have been developed by different expertise. Among those most popular theories are; Mercantilism theory This theory mainly highlighted nations should have accumulated financial wealth in the form of gold, by encouraging export and discouraging imports. That is defined as mercantilism. Mercantilism theory is portrait other measures of the countries in relation to international trade. The following criteria considered as irrelevant to determine trading capacity of the nations or country. Well being, living standard and human development. This theory was applied by UK, Netherlands, and France during 1500 and 1700. Those countries practiced zero sum game (means that world wealth was limited and that countries only could increase their share at expenses of neighbors). In mercantilism countries economic development was prevented because of stopped import inside to country. Absolute advantage theory This theory was developed by Adam smith who highlighted that any country has an absolute advantage produces greater out put of good or service than other countries using the same amount of resources. Further Adam Smith is highlighted there should not be international trade restrictions such as quotas and tariff to prevent the international trade and it is essential flow goods and services according market forces. Absolute advantage theory contradicts against to mercantilism theory. Problem with this theory is that if there is not any absolute advantage with a country, international trade might be happen. Comparative advantage This theory was introduced by David Recardo in 1817.This is an ideal concept that is can apply for international trade and to develop international trade policies. Therefore this very important theory if any nations entering into the international trade. Here main principles that highlighted in comparative advantage are country should specialized in producing and exporting the products in which is has comparative or relative cost advantage compared with other countries and should import those goods in which is it has comparative disadvantage. Out of such specialization country could gain the greater benefit by applying that. Here mainly take into considered opportunity cost and specialization (maximum out put with limited resource). For instance Japan is highly specialized in producing car because of they are very good technology, required resources. But the Japan could not have capacity to produce TEA, there not specialized in that sector. On the other hand Sri Lanka is not having capacity to produce cars but they can produce TEA, they specialized in that area. Therefore we can see that, both country is specialized two different sectors by using those core competencies better this exp ort those products based on that specialization. Product life cycle theory 1960 Raymond Vernon developed this theory called international product life cycle theory. Under this is stressed that, a company will begin to export its products and take foreign direct investment as the products move through its life cycle. As an example in the mother country product is in the decline therefore, they could not generate sales and profit as earlier. At that time they are looking for another market to introduce that product to sustain in that business. That market is most probably international market. Porter diamond theory This is introduced by Michel Porter and He highlighted that competitive advantage in the aspect of clusters of industry based where the competitiveness of one company is related to the performance of the companies and other factors such as valued additions in value chain, customer relationship. To get finalized this used coulters of successful industries in 10 impor tant trading nations. Here porter shows that six broad factors incorporated with this theory. Those are; Considering areas Comment Factor conditions Human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure. Specialized resources are often specific for an industry and important for its competitiveness. Those specific resources can be created to compensate for factor disadvantage. Diamond conditions in the domestic market can help create a competitive advantage, when there is sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and encouraging create more advanced products that those of competitors Related and supporting industries Under this factor related and supporting industries are producing inputs which are important for innovation and internationalization .These industries provide cost effective inputs as well as participate upgrading process which they are using in currently. Thus stimulating other companies in the chain to innovate. Firms strategy, structure and rivalry Firms strategy, structure and rivalry constitutes fourth determinant of competitiveness. The ways, in which companies are generated or created, set goals and monitoring is important for the success. But the intensity of rivalry creating pressure and innovations to face competition. Government can influence Government can influence or support each of the four determinants of competitiveness. In clearly government can influence supply condition of key production factors, demand conditions in the market and competition between firms. As well as government can intervention at local, regional, national or supranational. Chance Events that are occur in the outside of control of a firm. They are important because they are creating discontinuities in which some gain competitive positions and some lose. This theory is plays an important role in the analysis of modern international trade in terms of nations competitiveness. Here the major examples are Coca cola, Standard chartered, Uniliver and Nestles few of companies which are showing nations competitive advantage. 1.2. Benefit and challenges of globalization As a result of globalization the following major benefits are gained by Honda; Entering into new markets As result of globalization different economies are open to the other countries products. That leads entering into new market. Increasing their sales another benefit that is can gain help to increase their sale. Thats leading to increase the profitability of the business. Tax benefit some of the countries are giving tax free benefits, tax holidays, and tax exemptions to promote foreign direct investment. That is helping to increase the company stake and profitability of the country. Opportunity to gain cost advantage In the country like India and china, labor cost is very law. As result of that cost of production can minimize and help to increase profitability also. Help to develop strategic alliances such as joint ventures, mergers, acquisitions, takeovers and tide up agreement, management contract, joint promotion and mega marketing campaign. Which are helpi ng to increase the brand awareness and brand visibility of the in that particular country or region. The following challenges will face by Honda in the global economy Overriding agreement in this case Honda company play dominating role, they have override firodias agreement when entering into Indian market. As a result of that emerged conflict between two parties and both parties suffer due to that agreement. Effect of different risk. The following major risk can be identified via that; Cultural risk Once reach global market is approached will face different cultural barriers. As an example of in India is different cultures and different languages within the countries, as well as way of thinking and attitude is totally different compare to other countries therefore Effect of changes in exchange rate This very crucial factor is in the international business. Effect of exchange rate is directly affected on the profitability of the company as well as creating loss on company. Because of money appreciation and depreciation derived by economic activities like import and export. Threat from natural environmental risk Some of natural environment effects are making huge impact business. Cyclones, heavy raining, flood, snow are directly affected on plant operations and product distribution. Not only that, it is created huge losses on any company. For instance flood and cyclones are making heavy effect on the business operations. Even those cases cannot insure to manage that risk. Changes in Interest rate risk Interest rate makes huge impact on cost borrowings. This is directly affected on financial cost of business and profitability. As well as, it will make impact on the cost of material and components ultimately that will leads to reduce the profitability and raise the price of the product. Labour turnover rate Highly trained or experience staff might acquired by competitors by giving high salaries as well attractive benefit. This issue directly affect on plant operations, raising new staff training and development. Trade secret and leakage of information There risk to leak trade secrets and top importance information (financial and non financial) which are directly influence on decision making and operational activities of business. Such information leakages strengthen competitors. It is very good opportunity for them attack on weaker areas. Some situations if the Inland Revenue get to know about that information, tax issues will are begun. Threats from competitors If competitions is goes up that effect on the company market share and profitability of the company. Behaviour of Employees Negligence, Omissions, fraud, judgmental errors, less knowledge of operations and decisions making might create high risky situations where create huge loses, impact on reputations and loosing the customers. 1.3. Assessing theoretical frame work for international of international trade and globalization in terms of a supporting organizational structure may Honda employing Most suitable theoretical framework work for Honda is application of the porter diamond theory. In case highlighted Considering areas Analysis Factor conditions Human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure are having honda in their business Ex. Technical Know how and brand resources. Diamond conditions Sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and encouraging create more advanced products that those of competitors. Ex Toyota and Nissan bigger competitors which they influence on the buyers behaviors. Related and supporting industries Provide cost effective inputs Ex. low cost metals supplied by suppliers to produce bike and cars. Firms strategy, structure and rivalry Intensity of rivalry creating pressure and innovations to face competition. Ex. Firoid company applies different marketing strategies to protect their home market and increase the sales. Ex Dealer awareness program and door to door campaign. Government can influence Government intervention has significantly involved protecting Firoid company when changes happen in the agreement. Chance Events that are occur in the outside of control of a firm. They are important because they are creating discontinuities in which some gain competitive positions and some lose. 2. Analyzing the Honda internal and external environment and make recommendation to achieve the organizational goals PESTEEL Factors Comment Political environment This would be totally change; No of political parties and their leaders philosophy towards economic development. How extent interfere the international problems. Ex.USA involvement very high as world powerful country. Not only that government grants, capital allowance, tax releases can be done by government base on the level of indutry. Political risk analysis Changes political environment is directly affect on the key strategic decision of the business. Role of the government and supporting for the business is depending on economic policy and foreign trade policy and relationship with the external countries. Under this are need to carry out the following analysis .Each country where Honda is operating need to analyze political risk and government changes, support and contribution auto making industry. Here this analysis help the following areas; Nationalization once political party has changed, they might be look their local products as well as more close and frie ndly countries investment and their business keep up their relationships. Taxation policy Every budgeting reporting period tax such as corporate tax, VAT capital allowances, etc. Economic environment It is describing economic style of the country, market free, or closes economy and mixed economy. On the basis of those economic the following areas will be changes. International trade policy Contribution of different section for GDP and GNP. Banking Finance market. (Exchange rate) Business cycles Need to look, whether there is economic depression or boom to decrease or expand production of the companies. Regulation on tax and layers of tax. Inflation in the economy ex. developing countries is having unpredictable inflation rate. Interest rate and foreign exchange totally changed automobiles cost of production and prices Consumer behavioral difference (such as decision making, response on promotion and advertising) Demand pattern is totally depending on the disposable income of the peoples for automobile sector. Market size growth (Country like India size and growth is very high for auto mobiles, specially for bike in low income segment ) Social environment Peoples diversity would be totally different according to the following factors Education (Highly developed countries peoples education makes difference among the people than developing courtiers. Language Culture norms experiences Motivation Risk taking attitude Technological environment Technological environment has made huge effect on auto mobiles industry. That has produced several advance featuring vehicles such as hybrid vehicles, solar power using vehicles, High security system integrated vehicles, automatically driven vehicles, new piston and engines are producing all the industry players to face competition. As well as technological environment creating new distribution channels such as make an online ordering for car, new technological application for motor vehicle assembling or develops user friendly features. Ecological environment Auto mobile business is making huge impact on physical environment; those are Air pollution Carbon emissions, Gas emissions and the other harmful air is released when driving auto mobile. Therefore to reduce those types of effects, some countries have applied different tax. Sound pollution This is another effects that happening in that environment. In the developing countries and developed countries millions of vehicles are pressing horn butut. That is creating huge sound effect during the traffic jam. Now trend is producing eco friendly bikes. As a result of those changes that is emerging sound of environment protection organizations. s well as they try to take legal action against company to protect environment. Legal environment Tax regulations Any economy is having different taxes for their development. Such as Income taxes Corporate taxes Social protection taxes Port Airport levy Corporate law These might be totally changed at the above mentioned levels. effected for companies Public law Public laws are also making difference at the above levels. Ex. Consumer protections rules and regulations, sales of goods and service, insurance law are highly creating impact on the automobile industry. Customs regulation Same as the above. Different nationals, as well as EU also and Globally custom rules and regulation are totally different Employee laws It is totally difference country to country and EU level as well as global level. Shipping rules regulations The following regulations apply for seaport security. Port Layout and design Passenger separation Staff background checking Staff screening Theses practice cannot be seen at all the international ship orts. Supply chains regulations Global level much more concern about those regulations; Distribution of goods Secure warehousing of goods From the warehouse and airside retail store. Staff security and stock control Description of diversity Strategic Implication Diversity of the market, brands and competitors Develop marketing intelligence system Analyze regular changes in the market and brand , market players Develop the firms strategies to reinforce the market share to beat companies by using marketing mix (7ps) Economic environment changes Scanning economic environment. Developing EIS (economic information system) Predicting changes in the economic environment. Listing to and hear expert opinions regarding future economic diversification. Social environment changes Analyzing the different countries Education, Language, Culture, education, experiences, Motivation towards to works, risk taking attitudes towards works. Review HR policies based on those regional differences. Implement develop strategies and review the strategies to evaluate whether it best fit with that region peoples diversification. Political environment changes Analyzing the different countries political parties and their policie s towards economic, business, education, health, legislation, etc. Analyze who and which parties will come to power. Develop strategy based that changes Additional areas need to be analyzes by the Kinetic Honda Company financial position This can analyze via balance sheet. by looking at financial position of the company can be determined level of short term and long term liquidity, gearing level, efficiency of capital employed, etc. This is very important for the company in terms of marinating stability. Industry cost structure Industry cost structure is help to determine the cost of the production, pricing policy, marketing investment and new product developments. Not only FIRODIAShas to identify future emerging cost and their adverse effects to develop cost minimizing strategies, while maintaining substantial level profit. Contributors of Company capital and return One of the most important sides is capital structure that drives dividend policy, profit retention rate and new expansion, power of creditors in businesses, level of capital investment in business. Owners of capital expecting substantial return on the business as well company expect to expand business future; these two objectives are clashing each other. This must be care fully analyzed to minimize interest gaps. Competitors activities This also making huge impact on the FIRODIASbusiness, if the competitors carry out mega promotion or produce fuel efficient and sophisticated featured car make huge impact competing segment. Competitors tried create barriers to prevent new market opportunities by using merging and takeover strategies. On the other hand they try to attack existing distribution channels by using different strategies. Cost of capital Return On Investment To create sustainable business growth and substantial return to investors as well company itself need to analyse cost of capital As well as firms can apply tools of five forces analysis to get analysed firms strength and weakness. Those 5 forces are; Analysis of the five forces effect on FIRODIAS Threat of new entrants new entrants determinant factors are; Economic of scale Car industry is having high fixed cost to recover need do high sales volume which means high BEP. FIRODIAS is a one of big player market where they can gain high economies of scale comparing other players. Those main reasons are; Technology that they using Level of market segment Business experience Distribution channel efficiency Productivity of labor New entrants cant afford the high fixed cost at the initial stage therefore very limited chance to enter into car market. Wider range of brands Different market segment covered by FIRODIAS by offering different brand, Which is creating entry barriers to another player. Only that they can gain niche market opportunities. Channel Converge FIRODIAS has already developed their distribution channel and having wider market coverage .In this situation also very low chance to take dealer choice for new players. To get their attention need to pay premium for distributors. High level of Capital investment Auto making industry major key driving factor is how much of amount is going to invest for this business. Especially, continuous R D need to keep customers with the business. If the existing player already acquired high volume of sales, very low potential to recover amount of capital invested in business via sales. Bargaining power of suppliers FIRODIAS is large auto maker of the industry; therefore FIRODIAS buy high volume of inputs (metals, irons, plastics, tires, electrics components) from suppliers. In this situation there is no high bargaining power for suppliers. Because of supplier sales and profitability might depending on this level sales.. Threat of substitute Major substitutes are; Cars Jeep Van Cab This is also making effect on GMs existing market. To minimize this threat FIRODIAS needs to go for that market segment. Bargaining power of customers Having Low have bargaining power of customers due to following reasons FIRODIAS has offered different variety of product range for the customer many choices. Different price level Prices are somewhat high other players compare to GM Product quality and safety is most important factor for car users FIRODIASis in the strong position The above reason create l very low potential to barraging for customer in existing car market. Rivalry amongst current competitors in the industry Rivalry amongst current competitors are Toyota, Honda, Benz, in the industry is determining factors are Cost structure market growth rate Production capacity Business environment uncertainties and exit barriers As per above mentioned factors FIRODIAS is in well secured position at the end of stage. This due to their major market driven campaign. 3. Analyzing soft and hard systems methodology Soft component In the soft component is considered as people and companies relationships. Such as culture, value, belief among the people. That is directly affected on to move forward company as whole or move backward. Hard component Hard component of the Company can be considered as method, production, process, 4. Analyzing and assessing the success of Honda business strategies Honda business strategy was to approach the Indian market by using the stake of Firodia Company.But that strategic alliances and joint agreements that they have developed was already failed, due to failure of the Firodia and their performance was not expected level therefore in that aspect they were failed. But ultimately Honda won the mortor cycle segment. 5 6. Discuss principle of corporate governance and ethics and assessing impact of corporate governance on Honda. The principles of corporate governance mainly concern was due financial crisis in the world and in the region. Poor corporate governance is turned business formidable and high risk level. As well as it is creating an effect on the whole economy of country. As an example, in USA Enron and worldcoms are the collapsed businesses due to poor corporate governance. Therefore principles of corporate governance is creating good environment for the companies to run the business very smoothly. The following major principle are apply for the corporate governance Principle 1: Performance Orientation This principle is highlighted that, objectives of any business emprise is to enhance economic value for all the share holders by using resources efficiently and effectively. A company that meets this shareholder value creation objective will have greater internally generated resources, improve forecasting environment, community and social obligations such pay taxes on time, reward, train and retain key staff as well as enhancing employee satisfaction. A key focus is is human capital strategy that is lead corporate success. Principle 2: Nomination and Compensation Committees A key success factor is the quality of leadership of an enterprise. A nomination committee with a written mandate and terms of reference consistent with good practice may ensure the selection of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) of the highest caliber. Comprising mainly of independent directors, the committee should have a written definition of independence, inclusive of both subjective and objective criteria. A compensation committee should set the compensation policy for directors and senior management, commensurate with performance measured against comparable industry benchmarks and key performance Indicators such as economic value added. Principle 3: Disclosure To ensure transparency, companies annual reports should disclose true and fair accounting information prepared in accordance with applicable standards; consider substance over form in the presentation of accounts; disclose and discuss all material risks; disclose and explain the rationale for all material estimates; show manner of compliance, or explain deviations, if any, with applicable corporate governance codes; discuss goals, plans, and progress; and provide access to the register of shareholders showing beneficial ownership. In addition to annual disclosures, enterprises should comply with applicable continuous disclosure requirements. Disclosures should be timely and adequate to enable investors, third party analysts, or rating agencies to assess the quality of corporate governance and the true financial condition of the enterprise. Principle 4: Audit Committee 14. Audit committees with the following attributes are more effective: composed solely of independent directors, at least two of whom should have the requisite knowledge of accountancy, financial analysis, and financial reporting; at least one member should have a good understanding of the business of the enterprise; have a written mandate and terms of reference; engage only independent external auditors who should be answerable to the committee; and require that a suitable system of internal control and risk management is embedded into the fabric of the company; and focus on the substance of underlying transactions. Principle 5: Code of Conduct All enterprises must have a written code of business conduct and establish systems to ensure That it and all applicable laws are followed in letter and spirit. Principle 6: Conflicts of Interest Directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company that requires them to act in the best interest of the company. Actual and potential conflicts of interest should be identified, disclosed, and explained in sufficient detail to enable valid judgments to be made on their adverse impact. The persons who are conflicted should not participate in discussion and decision of the issue in question, nor be entitled to vote on any resolution where they are conflicted. Related party contracts should be disclosed in the annual report. Principle 7: Environmental and Social Commitment There is an inextricable relationship among the objectives of corporate performance, social development, and environmental protection. Enterprises, to be sustainable, will need to recognize and effectively deal with this triad of concerns, which, at times, may conflict with each other. Principle 8: Conduct of the Board of Directors Directors are expected to preserve and enhance shareholder value. Their effectiveness can be enhanced if they are legally empowered, have the requisite qualifications for the board committees on which they sit, make the needed time commitment, given the appropriate directorship training, are suitably compensated, receive proper notice of meetings, have the right to propose agenda items, consult each other privately in the absence of management and executive directors, and provided with appropriate information to enable them to perform their monitoring role and evaluate the performance of directors. They should be proactive and diligent. Principle 9: Responsibilities of Investors The pursuit of good corporate governance in investee enterprises is a risk management tool. Institutional investors, general partners, and fund managers have a fiduciary duty to actively monitor and vote on issues vital to the success of enterprises in which they invest as guardians of the savings entrusted to them. Enterprises will find it helpful to communicate with them, deliver in a timely manner true and fair disclosure reports, and remove impediments from voting by all shareholders by taking advantage of modern communications and follow a one-vote for one-share policy. The fair treatment of minority shareholders must be ensured and large institutional investors should lead the pursuit of shareholder rights Principle 10: The Role of Directors in Turnaround Situations Directors of troubled companies must play a proactive role in turnaround situations, but avoid preferential treatment of creditors, or trade when the company is insolvent. Recommendation Honda must follow the principle 9 responsible for the investors. Because of they have broken that principle. Honda had broken down principle of 6 (Conflicts of Interest).therefore they must follow that principles also As a ultimate conclusion Honda must follow the all corporate governance principles 7. Analyzing the implementation of organizational goals Working forces planning 50 teams has sent shop to shop and door to door Incorporating benchmark Kinetic has changed their credit policy Quality systems Improve mileage of scooters Budgeting mechanisms KEL increased their sales by 20% Marketing system Kinetic used agents to reach semi urban and rural areas. Ex reached Ghandinagar and Anhamdatbadh. Customer satisfaction camp. Brand promotional campaign arranged by Kinetic

Cold Dark Matter (CDM)

The universe is made up of at least two kinds of matter. Primarily, theres the material we can detect, which astronomers call baryonic matter. Its thought of as ordinary matter because its made of protons and neutrons, which can be measured. Baryonic matter includes stars and galaxies, plus all the objects they contain. However, there is also stuff out there in the universe that cant be detected through normal observational means. Yet, it does exist because astronomers can measure its gravitational effect on baryonic matter. Astronomers call this material dark matter because, well, its dark. It doesnt reflect or emit light. This mysterious form of matter presents some major challenges to understanding a great many things about the universe, going right back to the beginning, some 13.7 billion years ago.   The Discovery of Dark Matter Decades ago, astronomers found that there wasnt enough mass in the universe to explain things like the rotation of stars in  galaxies and the movements of star clusters. Mass affects an objects motion through space, whether its a galaxy or a star or a planet. Judging by the way some galaxies rotated, for example, it appeared that there was more mass out there somewhere. But, it wasnt being detected. It was somehow missing from the mass inventory they assembled using stars and nebulae to assign a galaxy a given mass. Dr. Vera Rubin and her team were observing galaxies when they first noticed a difference between expected rotation rates (based on estimated masses of those galaxies) and the actual rates they observed. Researchers began to dig more deeply into figuring out where all the missing mass had gone. They considered that perhaps our  understanding of physics, i.e. general relativity, was flawed, but too many other things didnt add up. So, they decided that perhaps the mass was still there, but simply not visible. While it is still possible that we are missing something fundamental in our theories of gravity, the second option has been more palatable to physicists. Out of that revelation was born the idea of dark matter. Theres observational evidence for it around galaxies, and theories and models point to the involvement of dark matter early in the universes formation. So, astronomers and cosmologists know its out there, but havent yet figured out what it is yet. Cold Dark Matter (CDM) So, what could dark matter be? As of yet, there are only theories and models. They can actually be slotted into three general groups: hot dark matter (HDM), warm dark matter (WDM), and cold dark matter (CDM). Of the three, CDM has long been the leading candidate for what this missing mass in the universe is. However, some researchers still favor a combination theory, where aspects of all three types of dark matter exist together to make up the total missing mass. CDM is a kind of dark matter that, if it exists, moves slowly compared to the speed of light. It is thought to have been present in the universe since the very beginning and has very likely influenced the growth and evolution of galaxies. as well as the formation of the first stars. Astronomers and physicists think that its most likely some exotic particle that hasnt yet been detected. It very likely has some very specific properties: It would have to lack an interaction with the electromagnetic force. This is fairly obvious, since dark matter is dark. Therefore it doesnt interact with, reflect, or radiate any type of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum.   However, any candidate particle that makes up cold dark matter would have to take into account that it has to interact with a gravitational field. For proof of this, astronomers have noticed that dark matter accumulations in galaxy clusters wield a gravitational influence on light from more distant objects that happens to be passing by. This so-called gravitational lensing effect has been observed many times. Candidate Cold Dark Matter Objects While no known matter meets all of the criteria for cold dark matter, at least three theories have been advanced to explain CDM (if they exist). Weakly Interacting Massive Particles: Also known as WIMPs, these particles, by definition, meet all the needs of CDM. However, no such particle has ever been found to exist. WIMPs have become the catch all term for all cold dark matter candidates, regardless of why the particle is thought to arise.  Axions: These particles possess (at least marginally) the necessary properties of dark matter, but for various reasons are probably not the answer to the question of cold dark matter..MACHOs: This is an acronym for Massive Compact Halo Objects, which are objects like black holes, ancient neutron stars, brown dwarfs and planetary objects. These are all non-luminous and massive. But, because of their large sizes, both in terms of volume and mass, they would be relatively easy to detect by monitoring localized gravitational interactions. However, there are problems with the MACHO hypothesis. The observed motion of galaxies, for instance, is uniform in a way that would be hard to explain if MACHOs supplied the missing mass. Furthermore, star clusters would require a very uniform distribution of such objects within their boundaries. That seems very unlikely. Also, the sheer number of MACHOs that would have to be fairly large in order to explain the missing mass. Right now, the mystery of dark matter doesnt have an obvious solution — yet. Astronomers continue to design experiments to search for these elusive particles. When they do figure out what they are and how they are distributed throughout the universe, they will have unlocked another chapter in our understanding of the cosmos. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Persuasive Synthesis Of Rhetorical Theory - 1482 Words

Introduction As I’ve re-examined both my Persuasive Synthesis of Rhetorical Theory paper and cover letter and resume, I’ve realized how many improvements I am capable of making on my own papers simply by reanalyzing them and making changes accordingly. Below, I will present my strengths and weaknesses, as well as revisit my ability to implement rhetorical theory into my writing. Persuasive Synthesis of Rhetorical Theory Upon re-reading my paper on the Persuasive Synthesis of Rhetorical Theory, I found that I had a knowledgeable grasp of how to create a medium through which identification could occur as well as how to structure the paper in a way that the audience knew exactly what to expect; however, my essay also could’ve improved in†¦show more content†¦Imagine a cake. If one mixes the flour, sugar, butter, eggs, milk, leavening agents and flavors properly, the oven will yield a fresh, moist cake. By simply subtracting the milk, the cake changes from soft to gritty. It’s dry and slowly inches down one’s throat, getting caught near the esophagus. This is what a paper is like without imagery. Hauser revealed, â€Å"When we use language in unusual ways, we attract attention to our thoughts. For this reason, rhetoricians historically have stressed the importance of word choice to enliven ideas† (233). While my desires were suitable to the paper, because I placed an overwhelming emphasis on professionalism and ethos, I failed to include any sort of written imagery, resulting in a well-made, but ultimately dry, portrayal of my argument. As the book asserted, it would have been beneficial to my argument to add zest to enthuse my audience (Hauser, 233). Effective Persuasion In my cover letter and resume, I had the opportunity to exercise my knowledge of persuasion. Although I thought there were a number of strengths throughout, I will only mention my use of logos, or reasoning. Mingled among my strengths were also many weaknesses, such as lack of ethos and contingent thinking, both of which are part of powerful persuasion: â€Å"Rightly practiced, rhetorical communication fosters cooperation. We become partners in the shared procedure of giving reasons and making appeals thatShow MoreRelatedHelping Student Use Textual Source Persuasively By Maragret Kantz948 Words   |  4 PagesKantz, is a research about the mistakes most of us students make when researching for a paper. We need a theory-based explanation,one grounded in the findings of the published research on the nature and reasons for our students problems with writing persuasive researched papers. To understand how to teach students to write such papers, we also need a bett er understanding of the demands of synthesis tasks. 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At the more micro tier, we advance moral seduction theory, explaining why professionals are often unaware of how morally compromised they have become by conflicts of interest. At the more macro tier, we offer issue-cycle theory, explaining why conflicts of interest of the sort that compromise major accounting firms are so pervasive. People rely extensively on the advice of experts. OftenRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagessocieties (such as revolution) can help explain different stages in the development of organizational strategies (for example, turnaround as a form of cultural revolution). Physicists descriptions of quantum mechanics and mathematicians theories of chaos may provide insights into how organizations change. And so on. Add to this all the other literatures that are more commonly recognized as relevant to the study of organizations—psychology on human cognition as well as leadership charismaRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesA Note on Terminology The special terminology of European semiotics and structural linguistics may be unfamiliar to many American readers. It is impossible to give full definitions of all the terms that occur in this book without discussing the theories behind them at considerable length. It is hoped, simply, that the following explanations will give the reader a basic orientation. To accomplish this, references are provided to the key theoretical passages in the fundamental writings of linguisticsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesâ€Å"do. † In an influential article, Henry Mintzberg (1975) argued that management education had almost nothing to say about what managers actually do from day to day. He further faulted management textbooks for introducing students to the leading theories about management while ignoring what is known about effective management practice. Sympathetic to Mintzberg’s critique, we set out to identify the defining competencies of effective managers. Although no two management positions are exactly the same

Preparing a Farm Resource Appraisal Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Farm resource assessment should be accurate in order for the farmers to manage the farm properly. Resource appraisal is a farmer s doorway to the type, quality, and quantity of his resources and the obligations created from these resources. Farming business is generally very liquid but still, the level of liquidity varies. So every farmer must be familiar with all the details of his farm. Therefore, a resource appraisal is an important objective to accomplish. It takes the form of a balance sheet which will be described later. Resource appraisal helps the farmer and other institutions to assess the financial standing of the farm. To prepare a resource appraisal, one must possess adequate knowledge of the assets and liabilities. Assets are simply the property of the farmers from which future economic benefit is expected. Assets can be divided into two categories depending on their liquidity. These two categories are current assets and fixed assets. Fixed assets have a useful life of several years, for example, Land and buildings. Current assets, on the other hand, are short term and have higher liquidity. Cash in hand, livestock and feed are some examples of current assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparing a Farm Resource Appraisal or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Liabilities, on the other hand, are the financial obligations created from the assets. Liabilities too can be divided into current and fixed liabilities depending upon the term of their payment. Current liabilities contain obligation that is due within a year such as principal payments of a loan. Liabilities that are due beyond the time frame of one year such as long-term contracts are categorized as fixed or long term liabilities. The basic understanding of assets and liabilities can help in categorizing the items in the resource appraisal. The next step in preparing a resource appraisal is the valuation of assets. All the assets need to be expressed in monetary terms on the balance sheet. Asset valuation depends on the nature and purpose of the asset. Assets with higher liquidity are generally valued at market value while low-liquidity assets are measured by other methods.

Source Critique The Most Important Part Of A Yoga Pose

Source Critique: The Most Important Part of a Yoga Pose At the age of fourteen I started to practice yoga, and because of what it has been able to do for me I continue to practice almost daily. It all began as I wanted a way to relieve everyday stresses with a form of exercise that I could do at home on my own schedule. I started my journey by purchasing a yoga mat and VHS showing the basic poses and technique to practice at home, while the mat is used to keep sure footing during practice. Although, I have to admit initially following along with the pleasant woman on the TV screen, I felt the poses she asked of the viewer were just like regular stretching. The positions seemed almost too simple to being doing any major changes.†¦show more content†¦Subsequently, with continued practice for about two years, there came a time that I was able to obtain that calmness whenever and where ever I needed it. Which brings me to present day when life’s stresses only seem to grow in stature as we â€Å"grow up† and we take on more and more in life, it begins to weigh us down. With this in mind, my own curiosity about how yoga was able to let me free myself from our over stressed world. Coupled with the staying power it has had in my life over an extended period of time has lead me to further my research on the subject of yoga. More specifically though I wanted to see how yoga can relieve stress and therefore assist in overall health and wellbeing. During many interesting readings that I have encountered in my research, I read a particular article that I chose for my source critique, The Most Important Part of a Yoga Pose, written by Jill Miller. I chose this article because Jill answers some of the original questions I had when I started yoga years ago. In this article, Jill presents information to help answer the question that often comes up during the practice of yoga. That question is, what’s the most important part of this yoga pose? Her main thesis is that there are several detailed ways prior to and during the practice of yoga to get the full effect out of each pose, during each and every session. She focuses on how we need to saturate our minds with relaxation prior to posing. Stating

A New History Of Classical Rhetoric - 883 Words

In A New History of Classical Rhetoric, George Kennedy talks about classical rhetoric from Greek Literature to the middle ages. The term rhetoric â€Å"denotes the civic art of public speaking as it developed in deliberative assemblies, law courts, and other formal occasions under constitutional government† (Kennedy 3). In the classical view, rhetoric has been living in our lives with natural instinct; however, philosophers, educators, and religious leaders have discovered more affective and exquisite rhetoric as rhetoric came into focus. The book introduces the Rhetoric of Aristotle. Rhetoric became more useful and prevalent due to the democratic government in Greece. As a result, public speaking became more popular, and people started to focus on education in rhetoric and studying methods of persuasion. First, Kennedy starts off with artistic rhetoric, in which the speaker uses logos, pathos, and ethos. Logos can be interpreted in terms of Christianity â€Å"as given to it by some divine creator† (Kennedy 12). Therefore, the logos is the powerful element that implies logical reasoning and the logic of the universe. Also, the technique of rhetoric became important between a speaker and audiences. Technique of rhetoric can contribute to powerful persuasion. Invention, arrangement, and style became the first three factors of the five factors of the rhetoric. Either the speaker’s speech is artistic or non-artistic, It is important that people focus on the different methods, theory ofShow MoreRelatedDr. Lam ps Case For Tenure And Promotion1485 Words   |  6 Pagesrecommending Professor Lamp for tenure and promotion. Dr. Lamp is a scholar of rhetorical theory, practice, and education and joined the English department in fall semester 2010. 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Case Study of Perry Career Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Perry Career Management. Answer: Comparing the traditional career stages with supers and Levinsons stages In the current situation the case study of Perry had been taken into consideration who is a fifty years old man and is suffering from mid-career crisis. In this respect, the traditional career stages have been compared with Supers and Levinsonss stages. Traditional career stages Donald supers stages Daniel Levinsons stages Exploration The exploration phase lasts from 15-20 in which the young people are seen making career choices Growth This stage lasts for 4 to 13 years of age where children develop their capacities, interests and opinions about the world in general (Wang Wanberg, 2017) Pre-adulthood stage The pre-adulthood stage phase ranges from the beginning of life and lasts till 22 years of age where one is looking for meaning in life Establishment By 25 people are seen to be sufficiently established by figuring out the right career choices and are enthusiastic enough with their individual job roles Exploration phase (14-24) Individual develop an understanding about themselves and learn to find their place in the work Adulthood stage The adulthood stage lasts about 45 where one is still trying to push that extra mile in life Mid-career The mid-career crisis starts from the age of 45 onwards as by this time the priorities of an individual are seen to shift Establishment (25-44 years) An individual have secured their position in the place of work and is working towards the improvement of the same. Midlife transition 40-45 years of age , experiencing anxiety as well as evaluating ones choices Late career The late career phase starts from 55 onwards as by thus time the priorities of a person are seen to be in constant conflict with each other; where one does not want to leave the security of personal life by pushing oneself further into the prospects of making career. Maintenance (45-65) Holding up. Keeping up and innovating Late adulthood transition Lasts from 60-65; experiences decline in physical health, feels comfortable in the company of friends Decline A decline in the career prospects is generally noted from the age of 65 onwards owing to the physical limitations a person is mot able to perform any further (Woods, Gentry Graber, 2016). Disengagement (65 years) Planning for retirement and retirement living Late adulthood stage The late adulthood stage lasts from 60-85 years of age. Giving up one ones formal authority in the place of work Comparison of career stages (Source: Author) Relating o Neil and Bilimoria career stages with the case study O Neil and Bilimora suggested a suggested the suitable career stages for women based upon three stages which are -1. Idealistic achievement, 2. Pragmatic endurance, 3. Re-inventive contribution. The idealistic phase is dependent upon establishing self and positively impacting the world (Lytle, Foley Cotter, 2015). In the pragmatic endurance phase a woman struggles due to managing multiple family pressures. In the re-inventive phase an individual develops a redefinition of career and life. Impact of gender on a mans and womans career Gender has been seen to impact the career growth of a man and woman indifferently. The mid life career crisis has been seen to affect the women differently. The women have been see to suffer from pragmatic endurance, where they have been seen to be affected with balancing of multiple family roles which develops a negative attitude towards job from early adulthood such as 35-37; whereas the resentment comes much later in men (Bewley, Bonica, Hernandez Shewchuk, 2016). References Bewley, L. W., Bonica, M. J., Hernandez, S. R., Shewchuk, R. M. (2016). Mentorship Mediated by Life-Career Seasons: An Analysis of a Multi-Dimensional Model of Mentoring among Career Groups of United States Army Officers.Global Journal of Management And Business Research,pp. 105-215. Lytle, M. C., Foley, P. F., Cotter, E. W. (2015). Career and retirement theories: Relevance for older workers across cultures.Journal of career development,42(3), 185-198. Wang, M., Wanberg, C. R. (2017). 100 years of applied psychology research on individual careers: Fromcareer management to retirement.Journal of Applied Psychology,102(3), 546. Woods, A. M., Gentry, C., Graber, K. C. (2016). Research on physical education teachers career stages and socialization.Teacher Socialization in Physical Education: New Perspectives, 81.